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洞庭湖不同退田还湖类型区东方田鼠和黑线姬鼠的繁殖特性

张美文,王勇,李波,黄璜,陈剑,韩立亮   

  1. 中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所,WWF-中国科学院洞庭湖湿地国际研究中心,长沙410125
  • 出版日期:2009-12-02 发布日期:2009-03-08

Reproduction characteristics of striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) and Yangtze voles (Microtus fortis)in the polder of return farmland back into lake in Dongting Lake region

ZHANG Meiwen,WANG Yong,LI Bo,HUANG Huang,CHEN Jian,HAN Liliang   

  1. Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Changsha 410125,China
  • Online:2009-12-02 Published:2009-03-08

摘要: 针对洞庭湖区实施的“退田还湖” 重大生态环境恢复工程,以原有“围湖”造的垸田和垸外湖滩为对照,对退田还湖区(含双退与单退两种形式)的啮齿动物群落于2003 ~ 2006 年进行定位观察。采用夹捕法进行采样,于每年的1 月、4 月、7 月、10 月进行。比较洞庭湖不同退田还湖类型区东方田鼠和黑线姬鼠种群的繁殖
指标参数。总体来看,调查期间东方田鼠和黑线姬鼠的繁殖指数要比上世纪80 ~90 年代报道的要高,这与前几年其种群处于年数量低谷有关,是东方田鼠和黑线姬鼠种群负反馈机制的体现。不同类型生境间的比较结果显示,单退垸与原有生境没有明显变化,而双退垸内黑线姬鼠和东方田鼠均有较显著的变化,主要表现在双退垸内夏季东方田鼠保持高的繁殖能力和黑线姬鼠的繁殖力锐减。由于双退垸的高程优势,鼠群在夏季汛期不会迁出垸内,仅迁移集中至较高区域,这种水位变化引导的害鼠种群迁移应该是造成繁殖变化的主要原因。由于黑线姬鼠不适应这种迁移以及集中后与东方田鼠的激烈竞争,迁移到高地后的黑线姬鼠几乎停止繁殖,繁殖指数仅为0.03 (I♀ = 0.05),明显低于当期其它生境。值得注意的是夏季滞留在双退垸内的东方田鼠,繁殖强度却不减,繁殖指数达1.54 (I♀ = 3.36),与春季湖滩种群的相当。说明没有经过长距离迁移的东方田鼠种群,在夏季仍会保持较高的繁殖强度,与夏季被迫远距离迁入农田的东方田鼠种群繁殖力急剧下降形成鲜明对比。由此可知,在初夏如果有适宜的栖息地(如双退垸的高台、原有堤岸等),东方田鼠仍能保持较强繁殖力。本文揭示了双退垸内水位变化引发种群迁移后东方田鼠和黑线姬鼠繁殖能力的这种迥异表现,具体深层次原因有待进一步探讨。

关键词: 东方田鼠, 黑线姬鼠, 繁殖特性, 退田还湖, 洞庭湖区

Abstract: The reproductive characteristics of the striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius)and the Yangtze vole (Microtus fortis)were studied in an area being restored to lake in the Dongting Lake region. There were two main ways that farmland was restored. In Double Restoration Polders (DRP)both human habitation and agricultural activity were removed,while in Single Restoration Polders (SRP)only human habitations were removed but agricultural activities continued. The study was conducted in January,April,July and October from 2003 to 2006. Snap traps were used to get samples in all plots throughout
the census. Seven typical plots (seven different types of habitats for small mammals)were selected for investigation.Habitat 1 was hilly woodland around the lake which was covered by some shrub,arbor and herb,and M . fortis often immigrated to here from beach of lake during flood season. Habitat 2 and habitat 3 were normal farmland in protected polders. There was an M. fortis population migrating into habitat 3 during flood season,as there was a large stretch of beach outside of the dike near the habitat. Habitats 4 and 5 were SRP. Habitat 4 was still farm and the majority of the area of habitat 5 was planted in one kind of poplar (Populus spp. ). Habitat 6 was typical DRP,which was also covered by arbor. Habitat 7 was the beach of lake which has fully developed (matured beach),it was covered by Carex spp. and Polygonum hydropiper. The reproductive characteristics of Apodemus agrarius and Microtus fortis were compared among these habitats, and also compared with historical data we acquired during 1980 and 1990. The indices of reproduction of females were higher than those in the historical data for both A. agrarius,which was the dominant species in farmland,and for M. fortis, which was dominant species on beach of the lake. Both species were at a low point of multi-annual population fluctuations. Both species displayed no significant changes except for in DRP during the summer. In normal situations,the populations on the matured beach were forced to cross the dike and immigrate into the farmland or hillock when the beach was covered by water in flood season. However,there were some higher points and some abandoned dike in DRP which may not be covered by water and may became refugia for Microtus fortis and Apodemus agrarius. As a result,they did not across the dike,
but rather,just moved to the high level places. The population of the Microtus fortis which still stayed in DRP during summer (flood season)continued their reproductive peak,and the index of reproduction was 1.54 (I♀ =3. 36),whereas the population of M . fortis which was forced to migrate into farmland or hillocks almost stopped breeding and its fecundity became low. We expected that the Microtus fortis which didn’t undergo long distance migration would remain highly fecund in summer. On the other hand,Apodemus agrarius showed opposite responses in terms of reproduction. The historical data
showed that there were two breeding peaks in a year,the first peak was in spring and the other was in autumn. Although there was a relative decrease in summer,there still was some reproduction. However,the Apodemus agrarius in DRP almost stop breeding in the summer after migration from low level places to high level places,and the index of reproduction was only 0.03 (I♀ = 0.05). In addition to migration,competition between Microtus fortis and Apodemus agrarius in DRP might contribute to the drastic decrease in reproduction for Apodemus agrarius. The same phenomenon was found in the historical data from 1990. This study has shown different responses of A. agrarius and M. fortis in reproduction after migration in DRP in summer.

Key words: Dongting Lake region, Reproduction characteristics, Return the cropland back into lake, Striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius), Yangtze voles (Microtus fortis)