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Food habits of Asiatic black bears in the Xiao Xing'anling Mountains

WANG Wen, MA Jianzhang, YU Huiliang, HU Liqing   

  • Online:2008-03-13 Published:2008-07-07

小兴安岭地区黑熊的食性分析

王文, 马建章, 余辉亮, 胡立清   

  1. 东北林业大学野生动物资源学院,哈尔滨

Abstract: We collected and analyzed 51 scats from Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) in the Xiao Xing'anling area of northeast of China during April 2004 to November 2005. Collection of scats was aided by radio-telemetry. Based on locations where we found and collected scats,main habitats for black bears were mixed conifer-deciduous forests (400 - 560 meter elevation) in early spring and late fall,deciduous forest and mixed conifer-deciduous forest in late spring and early summer,deciduous forest, mixed conifer-deciduous forest,and riparian forest during summer and early fall. Bears ate mainly plants,as much as 70% of their estimated diets consisted of vegetation in summer.Species and plant parts eaten varied by season. Fewest species were eaten in spring, when an index of food diversity indicator was 2.317 and an evenness index wa 0.5923. In summer,bears ate the greatest variety of food plants (diversity index = 2.628, evenness index =0.6367). In autumn,the food diversity index was 2.361 and the evenness index was 0.5173. Highly preferred foods included seeds and mast of Korean pine, Quercus mongolica,Juglans mandshurica,Actinidia kolomikta,and Prunus,Hippochaete hyemale,Gramineae,Ulmus,Carex siderosricra, Acermono, Betulla, Populus,and Salix were avoided.

Key words: Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus), Food habit, Xiao Xing'anling Mountains

摘要: 2004 年5 月至2005 年11 月,在黑熊主要分布区小兴安岭利用无线电遥测技术跟踪黑熊并判定黑熊取食生境,收集黑熊粪便51 堆,利用粪便组织学分析方法对黑熊食物组成成分以及食物的选择性进行分析。结果表明:春初、秋末黑熊觅食生境为海拔400 ~ 560 m 的针叶林、针阔混交林;春末、夏初觅食生境为阔叶林、针阔混交林;夏季、秋初觅食生境为阔叶林、针阔混交林、河岸杂木林等。黑熊的大宗食物为植物,即使是夏季食物种类丰富季节,食物中植物成分仍近70% 。黑熊食物表现出季节性变化,季节不同采食种类不同,采食植物性食物的部位也不同。春季黑熊的食物种类最少,食物多样性指数为2.317,食物均匀性指数为0.5923,夏季的食物种类最丰富,食物多样性指数2.628,食物均匀性指数0.6367,秋季食物种类比春季丰富,但没有夏季丰富,食物多样性指数为2.361,食物均匀性最小,仅为0 5173。黑熊对植物类食物具有选择性,对红松、蒙古栎、核桃楸等坚果和猕猴桃、山桃等浆果类食物表现为正选择性;而对木贼、禾本科、榆、宽叶苔草、色木、桦、杨、柳表现为负选择性。

关键词: 小兴安岭, 黑熊, 食性