一夫一妻西黑冠长臂猿的群体活动及其影响因素

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150726

兽类学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (2): 141-148.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150726

一夫一妻西黑冠长臂猿的群体活动及其影响因素

李紫千¹^,², 朱永亮¹, 李林国³, 李伟³, 杨建光⁴, 管振华¹^,²(), 蒋学龙²()

^1.西南林业大学，云南省高校极小种群野生动物保育重点实验室，昆明 650224
^2.中国科学院昆明动物研究所，遗传资源与进化国家重点实验室，昆明 650223
^3.云南哀牢山国家级自然保护区新平管护局，玉溪 653403
^4.新平县县级自然保护区管护局，新平 653499

收稿日期:2022-08-16 接受日期:2022-11-14 出版日期:2023-03-30 发布日期:2023-03-23
通讯作者: 管振华,蒋学龙
作者简介:李紫千 (1994- )，女，硕士研究生，主要从事野生动物生态与保护研究.
朱永亮 (1999- )，男，硕士研究生，主要从事野生动物生态与保护研究.
基金资助:
云南省科技厅项目(202105AM070004);哀牢山-无量山国家公园建设综合科学考察研究项目(2019IB018)

The activity budget and the influencing factor of a monogamous western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) group

Ziqian LI¹^,², Yongliang ZHU¹, Linguo LI³, Wei LI³, Jianguang YANG⁴, Zhenhua GUAN¹^,²(), Xuelong JIANG²()

^1.Key Laboratory for Conserving Wildlife with Small Populations in Yunnan, Faculty of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
^2.State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
^3.Xinping Management and Protection Bureau of Yunnan Mt. Ailao National Nature Reserve, Yuxi 653403, China
^4.Management and Protection Bureau of Xinping County Nature Reserve, Xinping 653499, China

Received:2022-08-16 Accepted:2022-11-14 Online:2023-03-30 Published:2023-03-23
Contact: Zhenhua GUAN,Xuelong JIANG

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高海拔栖息地中灵长类动物的行为适应一直以来都是灵长类研究中的重点内容，同物种在不同栖息地的行为差异也成为近年的热点问题。西黑冠长臂猿 (Nomascus concolor) 是我国国家一级重点保护野生动物，也是我国长臂猿科动物中种群数量最大的物种，滇中哀牢山、无量山是该物种的集中分布区。哀牢山和无量山的西黑冠长臂猿栖息地存在显著差异，且其社会组织不同。本研究首次报道了在哀牢山高海拔栖息地中一个一夫一妻长臂猿群体的活动时间分配和食性季节性变化。2014—2015年，采用3 min间隔瞬时扫描法记录了长臂猿的行为和食性，468 h的行为数据结果表明，移动行为比例最高38.1%，其次是休息行为36.4%，取食行为23.3%，最少为鸣叫行为1.9%和其他行为1.3%。3 784次取食行为可辨识食物类型，总体上叶类食物占41.1%，其次是果实类食物33.3%，花类食物21.0%，附生植物3.9%，其他食物0.6%。长臂猿的时间分配和食性在雨季和旱季均具有显著差异，在低温旱季，长臂猿增加休息时间，减少移动时间，提高叶类和花类食物的取食比例；在高温雨季，长臂猿增加移动时间，减少休息时间和取食时间，取食更多的果实类食物。研究结果支持长臂猿在高纬度栖息地中采取能量保守的行为策略，与在无量山的研究对比，反映出栖息地食物分布模式对行为策略的影响。未来需要对更多一夫一妻长臂猿开展系统的行为生态学研究，这将有助于充分理解长臂猿的适应行为和社会组织演化。

关键词: 西黑冠长臂猿, 一夫一妻, 活动时间分配, 温度, 哀牢山

Abstract:

The behavioral adaptation of primates to high-altitude habitats has long been a topic of interest in primate research, and recent years have seen a growing focus on behavioral differences of the same species across different habitats. The western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) is a National First-Class Protected Wild Animal in China and boasts the largest population of gibbons in the country. While the species is concentrated in the Mt. Ailao and Mt. Wuliang areas of central Yunnan, there are significant differences in their habitats and social organization between the two locations, and limited research has been conducted on Mt. Ailao gibbons. This study presents the first report on the activity budget, diet, and seasonal variations of a monogamous gibbon group in the high-altitude habitat of Mt. Ailao. Between 2014 - 2015, observations totaling 468 hours were recorded using the instantaneous scanning method at 3-minute intervals. Behavioral data showed that moving behavior was the most prevalent at 38.1%, followed by resting at 36.4%, feeding at 23.3%, singing at 1.9%, and other behavior at 1.3%. Food types were identified in 3 784 feeding behaviors, with leaves accounting for 41.1%, fruit for 33.3%, flowers for 21.0%, epiphytes for 3.9%, and other foods for 0.6%. The study found significant differences in the activity and diet of gibbons between the rainy and dry seasons, with increased fruit consumption during the former and an increased proportion of leaves and flowers during the latter. Additionally, the gibbons increased their resting time and reduced feed and move time during the cold and dry season, while they increased move time and reduced rest and feed time during the hot and rainy season, demonstrating energy-conservative behavioral strategies adopted by gibbons in high-altitude habitats. The results also highlight the influence of habitat food distribution patterns on behavioral strategies, as seen in the comparison with Mt. Wuliang. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the need for systematic research on more monogamous western black crested gibbon groups to gain a full understanding of the adaptive behavior and evolution of social organization in gibbons.

Key words: Nomascus concolor, Monogamy, Activity budget, Seasonal variation, Mt.Ailao

中图分类号:

Q958.12

李紫千, 朱永亮, 李林国, 李伟, 杨建光, 管振华, 蒋学龙. 一夫一妻西黑冠长臂猿的群体活动及其影响因素[J]. 兽类学报, 2023, 43(2): 141-148.

Ziqian LI, Yongliang ZHU, Linguo LI, Wei LI, Jianguang YANG, Zhenhua GUAN, Xuelong JIANG. The activity budget and the influencing factor of a monogamous western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) group[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 43(2): 141-148.

图/表 6

图1 茶马古道监测群体活动范围示意图

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of activity range of monitoring group along the Tea Horse Road

表1 本研究中使用的行为学定义

Table 1 Definition of each behavior in this study

行为

Behavior

描述Definitions

休息

Rest

采用不同的姿势，包括躺、坐或悬吊在树枝上

Using different postures，including lying，sitting，or hanging on the branches

移动

Move

发生明显的位置改变行为，包括臂行运动、走、跳跃、搭桥、攀爬等

Significant position changes occur，including armmovement， walking， jumping， bridging， climbing， etc.

取食

Feed

包括采摘、咀嚼和吞咽

Including picking， chewing and swallowing

鸣叫

Sing

独鸣和二重唱

Solo and duet

社会行为

Social

包括个体间的互相理毛、追逐和游戏

Including grooming， chasing and playing between individuals

其他行为

Other

包括群内及群间的冲突和警叫等行为

Including conflict and alarm calling within and between groups

图2 新平哀牢山茶马古道西黑冠长臂猿群体不同行为时间分配.* P < 0.05，** P < 0.01，*** P < 0.001. NS无统计学意义，图中标记出活动时间分配均值，n为样本量

Fig. 2 Activity budget of western black crested gibbon group in Mt. Ailao Tea Horse Road Station, Xinping county. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, NS not significant, the mean value of activity budget is marked in the figure, n is the sample size

图3 新平哀牢山茶马古道西黑冠长臂猿在旱季和雨季取食的不同食物类型占比. * P < 0.05, NS无统计学意义. 图中标记出食性比例均值，n为样本量

Fig.3 The proportion of different food types eaten by a western black crested gibbon group at Mt. Ailao Tea Horse Road Station, Xinping County.* P < 0.05, NS not significant, the mean value of diet proportion is marked in the figure, n is the sample size

图4 使用Dirichlet回归模型预测日最低气温对长臂猿不同行为时间分配的影响. 阴影部分为95%预测区间

Fig. 4 The relationship between the daily lowest temperature and different activity budget of gibbon using Dirichlet regression. Shade area means 95% prediction interval

表2 通过Dirichlet回归模型分析日最低气温对休息、取食和移动行为时间分配的影响

Table 2 Dirichlet regression model result of the effect of daily minimum temperature on the time budget of resting, feeding and travelling behaviors

因变量 Dependent variable	自变量 Independent variable	估计值 Estimate	标准误 Std.Error	P值 P value
休息（参照变量） Rest （reference variable）	―	―	―	―
取食Feed	（Intercept）	-0.613	0.233	0.008**
	日最低气温 Daily lowest temperature	0.100	0.046	0.026*
	日最低气温² Daily lowest temperature²	-0.003	0.002	0.085
移动Move	（Intercept）	-0.783	0.228	0.001**
	日最低气温 Daily lowest temperature	0.162	0.043	< 0.001**
	日最低气温² Daily lowest temperature²	-0.004	0.002	0.014*

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一夫一妻西黑冠长臂猿的群体活动及其影响因素

The activity budget and the influencing factor of a monogamous western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) group

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