武汉市城市破碎化森林中野生哺乳动物的多样性

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150730

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生境破碎化造成生物多样性降低，尤其是哺乳动物多样性的降低甚至丧失。快速城市化背景下，城市森林斑块成为典型的破碎化生态系统。对城市森林斑块中哺乳动物资源的调查，能够为城市生态系统健康评估和城市景观格局的建设提供依据。2019—2021年，通过实地调查和红外相机拍摄对武汉市13个森林斑块的哺乳动物进行调查，并分析城市化对物种组成群落多样性的影响。本次调查共布设77台相机，相机总工作天数为21 247日，拍摄到野生哺乳动物独立有效照片1 243张，记录野生哺乳动物5目9科15种，主要属于东洋界华中区，其中貉 (Nyctereutes procyonoides)、亚洲狗獾 (Meles leucurus)、野猪 (Sus scrofa)、北社鼠 (Niviventer confucianus) 为常见种。哺乳动物物种丰富度 (P < 0.01)、香农-威纳指数 (P < 0.05) 随距市中心距离增加而显著增加，与斑块隔离度、形状指数则无显著相关 (P > 0.05)，说明距市中心距离是哺乳动物多样性的重要影响因子。此外，近郊、远郊自然森林斑块哺乳动物多样性相对较高，说明城市化对哺乳动物多样性有负面影响。

关键词: 森林斑块化, 红外相机, 城郊梯度, 隔离度, 形状指数

Abstract:

Urbanization is one of the main reasons for forest fragmentation in urban systems, which causes threats to biodiversity through both species decline and biotic homogenization. This study aims to reveal the richness, abundance, and diversity of mammals on the fragmented forest patches in urban, suburban and rural areas. Our study helps to provide substantial data for the protection of mammal diversity and land-use planning in urban ecosystems. According to the urban-suburban-rural gradient, we surveyed the diversity of mammals on 13 forest patches in Wuhan from 2019 to 2021 by using literature reviewing and camera-trapping. Taking the patch area, distance to the urban center, isolation, and shape index as patch characteristics of urbanization, we analyzed the relationships between species composition and patch characteristics by using RDA, and examined the relationships between the species diversity and patch characteristics by using linear regression. We recorded 15 forest mammals in total, which belong to 8 orders and 6 families. The dominant species are Racoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), Asian badger (Meles leucurus), Wild boar (Sus scrofa), and Confucian niviventer (Niviventer confucianus). The fauna type is dominated by oriental species. The species composition was positively correlated with distance to the urban center in suburban forest, and negatively correlated with area in urban forest. The species richness (P < 0.01) and Shannon-Wiener diversity index (P < 0.05) were significantly positively correlated with the distance to urban center. There was no significant correlation between species richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity index with isolation and shape index (P > 0.05). Our study showed that the distance to the urban center was the main factor affecting forest mammal diversity in Wuhan. The high speed of urbanization in Wuhan has reduced the mammal diversity. For maintaining and restoring the high diversity of mammals, we recommend that some specific measures should be carried out in urban forest patches to reduce human disturbance and protect natural forests, especially the continuous natural forests in the suburban and rural areas.

Key words: Forest fragmentation, Infrared camera, Urban-suburban-Rural gradient, Isolation, Shape index

中图分类号:

Q958.1

汪琪薇, 赵恒月, 刘勤, 万能, 朱志兵, 牛红玉, 张洪茂. 武汉市城市破碎化森林中野生哺乳动物的多样性[J]. 兽类学报, 2023, 43(3): 258-269.

Qiwei WANG, Hengyue ZHAO, Qin LIU, Neng WAN, Zhibing ZHU, Hongyu NIU, Hongmao ZHANG. Mammal diversity in the forest fragments of Wuhan City[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 43(3): 258-269.

图/表 4

图1 武汉市哺乳动物多样性调查取样的13个森林斑块

Fig. 1 The locations of the 13 forest patches for mammal investigation along urban-suburban gradient in Wuhan City

图2 武汉市森林斑块哺乳动物物种数随红外相机监测位点数增加的累积曲线. a：市区森林红外相机监测位点监测所得物种数；b：近郊森林红外相机监测位点监测所得物种数；c：远郊森林红外相机监测位点监测所得物种数；d：武汉市森林红外相机监测位点所得物种数

Fig. 2 Cumulative curve of the number of mammal species in forest patches with increasing number of infrared camera monitoring sites in Wuhan. a: Number of species monitored by infrared camera in urban forest; b: Number of species monitored by infrared camera in suburban forest; c: Number of species monitored by infrared camera in rural forest; d: Number of species monitored by infrared camera sites in Wuhan forest

图3 武汉市森林哺乳动物群落结构与斑块特征的tb-RDA分析. siteA、siteB、siteC分别为城市、近郊、远郊斑块. A：斑块面积；C：斑块周长；D：距离；I：隔离度；S：形状指数

Fig.3 The tb-RDA analysis of mammal community structure and patch characteristics in Wuhan forest. siteA: Urban sites; siteB: Suburban sites; siteC: Rural sites. A: Patch area; C: Patch perimeter; D: Distance; I: Isolation; S: Shape index

图4 森林斑块特征对哺乳动物物种丰度和物种多样性的影响.a、b：城郊距离；c、d：斑块隔离度；e、f：斑块形状指数,黑色实线表示回归拟合曲线，灰色阴影表示拟合曲线的95%置信区间

Fig. 4 Relationship between the forest patch characteristics and mammalian diversity in Wuhan. a,b: suburban distance; c,d: patch isolation; e,f: patch shape index, the black solid line represents the regression fitting curve, and the gray dotted line represents the 95% confidence interval of the fitting

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