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Human-large mammals conflicts:A new challenge of wildlife conservation CAI Jing,JIANG Zhigang    Abstract （1785）      PDF （357KB）（3249）       Knowledge map    Save Human-mammals conflict has become a problem worldwide. It not only brings damage to those people who live near the wildlife,but also causes problems to the conservation for wildlife. Main species causing problems include the wildelephants in Africa and Asia,the deer in North America and most of the large and median sized carnivores worldwide. The factors causing human and large mammals conflicts include the human population increases,wildlife habitat losses,change of land use pattern and wildlife population growth after effective implementation of conservation measures. Quite often several factors are involved in the human-large mammals conflicts. To resolve this problem,the government should enhance the management of large mammals and try to reduce the damage caused by those wild animals. On the other hand,the government should care the indigenous communities that are near the nature reserves and to help to develop the local economy while raising conservation awareness in the indigenous communities. Related Articles | Metrics

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ON THE GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION TAXONOMIC STATUS OF SPECIES AND EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF SIKA DEER IN CHINA QUO Yanshu , ZHENQ Huizhen    Abstract （2728）      PDF （506KB）（3221）       Knowledge map    Save In early Pleistocene, sika deer was only found in north China region and Taiwan; in middle pleistocene to holocence it extended to northeast region the east of Mongolia-Xinkian region the central China region the south China region, the east of southwest region and Qinghai-Tibet region. There is only one species ( Cervus nippon) in the east Asia from early pleistocene to holocene. It is devided into nine subspecies in China (C. n. sintikuensis, C. n. taicxuanus, C. n.grayi,C. n .hortulorum,C. n .mandarinu, C. n. grassianus,C. n. sinchuanrinus, C. n . kopschi C. n . pseudxis). Sika deer whose home is on the edge of the forest has better adaptabililty. Its distribution regions are abruptly shrinking with the continuous rising of Qinghai-Tibet plateau and man’s action after ice age. Now, there are only 1500 wild sika deers in China. It is discussed evolutionary history of sika deer yet. Related Articles | Metrics

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Feeding activity of François langurs in Karst habitat ZHOU Qihai,CAI Xiangwen,HUANG Chengming,LI Youbang,LUO Yaping    Abstract （3809）      PDF （1396KB）（3916）       Knowledge map    Save To explore the influence of habitat fragmentation on the ecology of the François langur ( Trachypithecus francoisi), data on habitat use were collected from a group of François langurs living in an isolated hill in the Fusui Rare Animal Nature Reserve,Guangxi Province,between August 2002 and July 2003. Our results indicated that there was significant variation in the distribution of feeding activity in different vertical hill zones They showed preference for feeding in the middle zone. The top zone,as well as the bottom zone were used less for feeding. Langurs' feeding activities were concentrated in six patches,with a total area of 7.94 ha,which occupied 18.9% of the habitat. The densities of langurs' preferred food plants in the feeding patches were higher than that in the non-feeding patches. Langurs' diet varied according to season, even though leaves contributed a large proportion of the diet. This diet shift corresponded to seasonal variations in the utilization of feeding patches. Related Articles | Metrics

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NOTES ON CLASSICAL LITERATURES AND CONTEMPORARY RESEARCHES ON THE FINLESS PORPOISE(NEOPHOCAENA PHOCAENOIDES) GAO An1i, ZHOU Kaiya    Abstract （2372）      PDF （514KB）（1551）       Knowledge map    Save The earliest record of the finless porpoise in the Chinese classical literatures was made in the book．《Shuo wen jie zi(To explain sentences and characters)》，by Xu Shen(AD 58- 1487)．The" Ju" ，the earlist name for the finless porpoise，was said to inhabit the middle reaches of Yangtze River and off the coast of Korea．About 13 names were given to the finlessporpoise in Chinese classicalworks．"Jiangzhu(River pig) the most popular name for finless porpoise in China，was listed for the first time in《Jiang fu (Articles on rivers)》published about 1700 years ago． The finless porpoise， Neophocaena phocaenoides，is distributed in the form of a narrow band along the coast line of tropical andtemperate Asia including some rivers．It reaches the Persian Gulf in the west，the northern coast of Java in the south，the northern border of the Liaodong Gulf(4l 。N latitude，122 。E longitude)in the north，and the Sendai Bay(38 。20' N latitude，140 。50' E longitude)in Japan in the east． Since 1829 when this species was described by Cuvier，studies on the finless porpoise were mainly taxonomical and faunal in the first 100 years．Morphological researches of the finless porpoise were begun in 1920s．So far，at least 130 papers or books has been published in various disciplines．Such as anatomy and histology，karyotypes，biochemical index of blood，chemical components of the blubber，content rations of heavy metals and organochlorines in the tissues．MDH and ADH isozymes,parasites，ecology，underwater acoustic signal，incidental kill in fishing gears，and captive breeding． Anatomical and histological studies on most of the organ systems of the finlees porpoise were published．Morphological studies will be more related to important physiological functions from now on．The published works on genetics and biochemistrywerepreliminaty．Molecular genetic techniques such as DNA RFLP，fingerprinting,molecular hybridization and sequence analysis should be used more often in the 1990s．The conservation biology of the finless porpoise is also a weak link．Attention should be focused on the studies of population size，social structure，movevhent and the impacts of water pollution，incidental capture in fishing gears and other environmental changes on the finless porpoise hereafter．In order to estimate the population size accurately，the ecological surveys of the f inless porpoise should be conducted on the Yangtze River and off the Chinese Coast．and the methods used in the field studies should be improved． The present name， Neophocaena phocaenoides was claimed by Palmer jn 1899．The differences in the skull between geographic populations was first notied by Fraser in 1964．Although Pilleri and Gihr(1972，1975)proposed to divide the finless porpoise into 2 and 3 species respectively，neither of their suggestions was accepted by most of the cetologists．Van Bree(1973)and Wang et a1．(1989，1990)suggested 2 and 3 subspecies respectively．Based on studieson218exterral and 140 skeleton specimens and the polymorphism of restriction fragment length of mtDNA the present authors compared the differences between the geographic populations and showed that 3 subspecies should be recognized for the finless porpoise：Neophocaena phoeaenoides phocaenoides． N P．sunameriand N．p．asiaeorientalis.wefound that the finless porpoise in the East China Sea should be referred to N ．p．sunameri instead of to N ．p．asiaeorientalis as suggested by Wang et a1．(1999，1990)． Related Articles | Metrics

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A review of research on the dietary specialization in vampire bats CHEN Yuxuan, ZHAO Huabin ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2019, 39 (2): 202-208.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150240 Abstract （2562）      PDF （8245KB）（2969）       Knowledge map    Save Members of Chiroptera (i.e. bats) possess a huge diversity of diets, which include insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, fruits, flowers, nectar, pollen, foliage, and blood. Of bats, approximately 70% of bat species are insectivorous, while only three species of bats (i.e. vampire bats) feed exclusively on blood. Vampire bats are the only group of mammals that drink blood, which appear to be unique and have become an attractive animal model to study dietary shift in mammals. Here we review studies on morphology, physiology, behavior, sensory systems, and gut microbiota in vampire bats, and highlight their adaptive traits of dietary specializations. Following the release of a high-quality genome sequence of the common vampire bat, we will have opportunities to explore functional changes of diet-related genes in vampire bats, aiming to dissect the molecular basis of dietary shift in animals. This review will be helpful in future studies of dietary changes in vampire bats and other animals. Related Articles | Metrics

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Time Budget of Behavior of Amur Tiger ( Panthera tigris altaica) in Captivity TENGLiwei SONG Yanling LIU Zhensheng WANG Xiaoming WANG Yanzhong    Abstract （2654）      PDF （162KB）（1468）       Knowledge map    Save The activity rhythms of four captive Amue tigers ( Panthera tigris altaica) were observed in Harbin Zoo between April 1998 and March 2001. The behavioral ethogram was identified by all-occurrence sampling in the preliminary observation from March to April in 1998.Based on the preliminary observation , the behaviors of Amur tiger were recorded at 5 minute interval using instantaneous scanning sampling method from April 1998 to March 2001.The results indicated that sleeping , resting , moving , eating , and other activites had 53.13 % , 22.05 % , 19.57 % , 2.27 % , and 2.98 % respectively in the 24 h time budget for the captive Amur tigers during the study preiod. Drinking , eliminating , grooming , sniffing , playing and standing were considered as other activities in this study. The patterns of activity rhythms of captive Amur tigers did not show any seasonal difference. Two activity peaks were revealed in sleeping , moving , and resting during 24 h cycles with differences in onset time and duration. The peaks of sleeping were recorded at 10 : 00 - 14 : 00 and 20 : 00 - 06 : 00 ; moving at 05 : 00 - 10 : 00 and 14 : 00 - 17 : 00 ; andresting at 05 : 00 - 10 : 00 and 13 : 00 - 20 : 00.Only one peak of eating was found at 16 : 00 - 20 : 00. The duration of sleeping of Amur tigers in winter (December to February) was significantly increased during night time and was significantly decreased during the daytime comparing with other three seasons. Related Articles | Metrics

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GENETIC DIVERSITY OF SEX AND AGE GROUP OF CRICETULUS TRITON POPULATION WANG Yongqing ZHANG Zhibin XU Laixiang    Abstract （1408）      PDF （199KB）（1632）       Knowledge map    Save The genetic diversities of sex populations and age group populations of the Rat-like hamster ( Cricetulus triton) populations in 1998 and 1999 were studied by using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) . The proportion of polymorphic loci , Shannon index and Nei's Index were used to describe the population genetic diversity. It was discovered that the genetic differentiation between male and female group populations was relatively small , while it was greater among four age group populations ; the genetic distance increased with increase of age gap ; the genetic diversity of juvenile group population was higher than that of older age group populations ; the genetic differentiation and difference of autumn population in 1999 were more apparent than that of 4 season populations in 1998. The genetic differentiation among age group populations supported the view that genetic structure experienced change even under the selection in micro2time scale. The higher genetic diversity in juvenile age group population supported the Ford hypothesis that the new born animals were genetically diversified , some with better qualities , and some with lower ones. However , under natural selection , the individuals with lower genetic qualities were eliminated. Thus , the juveniles with lower genetic qualities would be disappeared due to the increase in natural selection pressures , while the genetic diversities of adult or old individuals were gradually reduced. Related Articles | Metrics

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STUDIES ON REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR OF DOMESTIC BLACK BEAR KONG Linglu, LAN Minjian, YANG Shikui, YANG Zhiyong, DENG Yinghong    Abstract （1344）      PDF （158KB）（2169）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Abstract （788）      PDF （309KB）（1753）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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A STUDY 0N THE LIFE TABLE 0F WILD GIANT PANDAS WET Fuwen，HU Jinchu， XU Guangzan，JIANG Mingdao，DENG Qitao，ZHONG Zhaomin    Abstract （2959）      PDF （156KB）（1736）       Knowledge map    Save During1984-1986，we have got 69 specimens died in the field and determined the age of each specimen by cementum layers of incisors． According to the specimens we have studied the life table.The results are as follows： Through the x 2 -testthe sex ratio of pandas is 1:1．After calculating forth-back，left-right wldth and height of tha upper and lower canine and through vatianne analysis we find the male panda's canines are much bigger than those of the female pandas．We can judge the sex by the canines． The youngest reproductive age of male panda is 7.5- 8.5-year-old and the female panda's 6.5—7.5．The oldest reproductive age of the male perhaps is 21 and the female can not be exactly known．But at 1east a 13-year-old female can breed． According to the 61 specimens and observed directly the cubs,death rate we have made the life table，surviva1 curve death carve and death rate curve．The survival curve is like the letter"L" which indicates the high death rate of cubs．The death curve shows two death peaks：cubs and 12-14 year-old. The net reproductive rate R 0 =1.0672，the intrinsic rate of natural increase r=0.0056 the mean time per generation T =11.6790． The 6-8 year-old pandas have the greatest reproductive value．As the age increases the reproductive value increases before 6-8 and decreases after 6-8． As the bamboo has died of blooming in large area in recent decade and the food shortages during the past，the population are constantly declining．According to R。> 1 we know that the population may slowly increase as long as we protect the habits and renew the food bases．The herd of WUY1PENG "has verified this point． Related Articles | Metrics

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THE AGE DETERMINATION FOR GIANT PANDA WEI Fuwen 1, XU Guangzan 1, HU Jinchu 1, LI Pei 2    Abstract （1410）      PDF （1577KB）（2213）       Knowledge map    Save This paper reports the age determination methods for giant panda. The results are as follows:Having studied the incisor sections of known-age panda specimens,we find their age in years corresponds to the number of cementum annuli. The true age of a panda can be obtained by adding one to the number of cementum annuli,as the incisors drop away after they are one-year-old.Having studied the wear of molars we find the older the panda is, the more the molars wear. According to the wear of molars and skull growth we can divide the panda into six age classes: 0-2 years old, 3-4,5-9,10-14,15-19 and 20-26. It's more convenient to determine approximate age in the field by age classes without sectioning the incisors. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of metabolic heat production and thermoregulation in Melano-bellied oriental voles (Eothenomys melanogaster) WANG Xiaolin BAO Yixin LIU Jingsong CHEN Ting LIN Xiaorong    Abstract （2331）      PDF （301KB）（2406）       Knowledge map    Save To understand the ecophysiological characteristics of Melano-bellied oriental vole (Eothenomys melanogaster) inhabiting the central China region of Oriental realm,we measured their metabolic rates,body temperatures (Tb),and thermal conductances in a range of temperatures (5 - 35℃ ). Eight animals were used in the experiment. Their average body mass was 28.17 ± 0.35 g (mean ± SE). The animals were kept in large cages under natural temperature and photoperiod, and fed with laboratory ‘rat chow’pellets for a week (comments:exact number of days here). Food and water were available ad libitum. The metabolic rates of the animals were measured using a respirometer in a chamber with a constant temperature (0.5℃ ). The body masses (Mb)and body temperature (Tb)of the animals were measured before and after each measurement. Tb was measured by insertion of a digital thermometer into the rectum at a depth of 3 cm. Prior to each measurement,the animal was fasted for three hours to minimize food interference. Each measurement lasted for one hour. Measurements were taken daily between 9:00 and 17:00 for twenty days. Metabolic rates were expressed as ml O 2 / g· h. Thermal conductance (C,in ml O 2 / (g· h· ℃ )was calculated at each temperature below the thermal neutral zone using the formula:C = MR/ (Tb - Ta),where MR refers to the metabolic rate (ml O 2 / g· h),Tb is body temperature (℃ ) and Ta is ambient temperature (℃ ). The results showed that the mean basal metabolic rate within the neutral temperature region (25 - 30℃ )was 2.99 ±0.09 ml O 2 / (g· h). When amibient temperature was between 5 and 25℃ ,Melano-bellied oriental voles can maintain a stable body temperature at 36.5 ± 0.1℃ . Total thermal conductance (C)in the temperature range of 5 - 25℃ was 0.26 ±0.01 ml O 2 / (g· h· ℃ ). When the ambient temperature was below the neutral temperature region,the metabolic rate (MR)increased with decline in ambient temperature. The relationship between MR and Ta can be described using the equation,MR (ml O 2/ g· h) = 6. 56 - 0.16 Ta (℃ ). Our results provide basic characteristics of melano-bellied oriental voles in metabolic heat production and thermal regulation. Related Articles | Metrics

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STUDIES ON THE SERUM AND LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE ISOZYMES 0F TISSUES FROM SUNCUS MURlNUS SHI Binshan， ZHUGE Yang    Abstract （1488）      PDF （147KB）（1790）       Knowledge map    Save The present paper reports the analysis of serum protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozymes in six kinds of tissues of Suncs murinu murinus. The method used was the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Theserum protein and LDH isozymes in tissues of heart, muscle, kidney, spleen, liver and testis both have specificity. There were 15- 17 bands in the serum. 5 LDH bands could be found in all kinds of tissues．Different bands are referred to as LDH-1,LDH-2,LDH-3, LDH-4 and LDH-5 in order of relative electrophoretic mobility from cathode towards anode. The mobility of the LDH isozymes have been found obviously slow and the LDH-5 bands have got close to the cathode. In the ratios of A subunit and B subunit，A subunits have had the preponderance in tissues of muscle，spleen and liver while B subunit in tissue of heart and both A subunits and B subunits have not got dominant position in tissues of kidney and testis. In the LDH-I,LDH-2 of heart and LDH-1 of kidney sub-bands could be detected. Related Articles | Metrics

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BEHAVIORAL INTERACTIONS AND MATING BEHAVIOR OF RATLIKE HAMSTERS (CRICETULUS TRITON) DURING THE BREEDING SEASON ZHANG Jianxu,ZHANG Zhibin,WANG Zuwang    Abstract （2388）      PDF （161KB）（1696）       Knowledge map    Save In a Y-maze, the focal female ratlike hamsters ( Cricetuus triton) preferred body odor of males to females' or control (P<0.05) ; themale did not show a sexual preference for body odor ( P> 0.05), while preferred body odor of conspecific to control, these results indicated that body odor are attractive to the hamster, and the hamster’s response to the odor had sexual difference. The focal hamster spent more time in one of arms of Y-maze with hamster demonstrator than another control arm ( P< 0.05 or P < 0.01) ; males spent more time in one of arms with same-sex hamster demonstrator than another with the opposite-sex individual conspecific ( P< 0.01), and females did not spend different time ( P > 0.05). The results were mediatedby combination of agonistic behavior and mating patterns. The staged dyadic encounters were conducted in a neutral arena.Paired encounters between both same sexes contained frequent agonistic acts and few amiable acts, and the victors had more attack and flank gland marking ( P < 0.05 o r P < 0.01); although both male sand females exhibited less aggression when paired with opposite-sex conspecific, amiable acts were also fewer, and females received males' mounting only on the estrous day of estrous cycle and attacked males on other days of. The above results implied that the hamster was solitary and that f lank gland marking was positively related to agonistic behavior and dominant status. Ratlike hamsters had a typical mating behavior and exhibit multiple intromission followed by multiple ejaculations. Both males' Coolidge effectand females' multiple matings indicated that the hamster was polygynousor promiscuous mating. Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular cloning and eukaryotic expression of Canine distemper virus receptor gene SLAM of fox,raccoon dog and mink ZHAO Jianjun,ZHANG Hailing,GAO Han,ZHAO Chunfei,CHAI Xiuli,CHEN Tao,YAN Xijun,WU Wei    Abstract （2751）      PDF （1683KB）（2089）       Knowledge map    Save Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)is one of the cellular receptors for Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection. In this study,we first cloned and sequenced the SLAM genes from peripheral blood lymphocytes of fox (Vulpes vulpes),raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides)and mink ( Mustela lutreola) respectively. Identical with the dog (Canine) SLAM,SLAM cDNAs both of fox and raccoon dog were 1 029 bp length encoding 342 amino acids. The nucleotide sequence homologies of SLAMs among fox,raccoon dog and dog were highly homologous (>98.6% ). The SLAM cDNA of mink was 1 020 bp in length encoding a polypeptide of 339 amino acids and had high homology with spotted seal (Phoca largha) SLAM (91.4% at nt level,87.9% at aa level). Phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of SLAM genes of different species showed the natural hosts including dog, fox, raccoon dog, mink and seal for CDV formed a monophyletic cluster. In addition to the 26 amino acid residue predicted signal peptide of SLAMs,there were 8 amino acid residues in the V region of SLAM thought to be involved in determining host-virus specificity were completely conserved,irrespective of the species of CDV infection.We also established three eukaryotic recombinant plasmids using an pIRES2 - EGFP vector which expressed the SLAM cDNAs of fox,raccoon dog and mink in transient transfection CRFK cells. One day after inoculation with CDV virulent strain,all the SLAM - expressing CRFK cells produced extensive cytopathic effects (CPE). Our results suggest that CDV use SLAMs of fox,raccoon dog and mink as a cellular receptor. Related Articles | Metrics

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STUDY 0N THE GR0WTH AND DEVEL0PMENT 0F PLATEAU PIKA UNDER THE C0NDITION 0F ARTIFICIAL FEEDING YE Runrong, LIANG Junxun    Abstract （1512）      PDF （250KB）（1478）       Knowledge map    Save In this paper， the growth and development of plateau pika (Ochotcna curzoztioe)from laboratory colonies were reported and compared with that in the field and other species of pikas (0．rufescens rufescens，0,princeps) from labolatory colonies． The growthscan be divided into two：the rapid-growth Period (at 0— 3O days of age) and the slow growth period (aftet 30 days)．During 0- 5 days，the growth rate is higher in this period than in othet ones, but the highest growth rate of ear length occurs at 5- 10 days of age． Length of ear and hind foot reaches the maximum values at 40-50 and 55— 65 days of age respectively． After 80 days， the growth of body length showsvery slowly and tends to stop growing． According to the analysis and calculation， the regressive equations of growth of the pikas body weight in different ages are: W =A +Bt= l0．7+2．6t (0≤t≤10 days of age) W =A +Bt=1．8+3．6t (10≤ t≤30 days of age) W =A +B1nt= -18．274+37．5751nt (30≤t≤ 65 days of age) W =A —Ce -Bt =220-95．97e -0.002424t (65≤t≤ 105 days of age) Based on the study of the growth and development of plateau pika，we divided the process of its growth and development into 4 different stages． According to the comparison，the growth speed is faster in the laboratory than in the field．The glowth period of plateau pika is shorter than that of Afghan pika(Ochotona rufescens rufescens)and North American pika (O．princeps)． These results suggetsed that the characteristics of growth and development of plateau pika is profitable for taming and being utilized as a new laboratory anima1． Related Articles | Metrics

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THE STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF GIANT PANDA'S FECES AND IT'S APPLICATION GUO Jian,HU Jinchu    Abstract （1279）      PDF （133KB）（1899）       Knowledge map    Save Because of the limitation of the spatial plots method, the study of the spatial distributional pattern of wildlife focused on hexapods, there was very few research on large vertebrate with the method. In order to overcome those limitation, on the base of the old one, a new method temporary spatial plots method, was developed and used on the study of giant panda in Yele Natural Reserve. The result showed: (1) The distribution of giant panda’s feces is a aggregative distribution and belongs to begative-binomial distribution. (2) In Yele Natural Reserve,8 individuals of giant panda were estimated surviving, with the density 0.032 5 ind/km 2. In the bamboo forests, the ecological density was 0.339 5 -0.534 ind/km 2.The future of the giant panda in Yele Natural Reserve is pessimistic. Related Articles | Metrics

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Serologic survey for antibodies to parvovirus in canines and felines JIN Xiaoxia, WANG Hualei, WANG Shan,LIANG Meng, ZHOU Ming,WANG Wei,LIU Dan,YANG Songtao,XIA Xianzhu    Abstract （3294）      PDF （208KB）（2134）       Knowledge map    Save An survey of antibodies to parvovirus was carried out in canines and felines. Three hundred and ninety six serum samples were collected from several domestic or wild canines and felines in different regions of China during 2009 to 2011. Sera from 203 canines samples and from 193 feline samples were tested for antibodies to canine parvovirus virus (CPV)and feline parvovirus virus (FPV)respectively using micro-hemagglutination inhibition (HI)and micro-serum neutralization assays (SN). The results of the two methods are highly parallel and consistent. The antibody positive rate to CPV is 28.6% in canines and 42.5% to FPV in felines. We propose that the canines and felines had been infected by parvovirus in different regions of China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Hoarding Behavior of Rodents and Plant Seed Dispersal XIAO Zhishu ZHANG Zhibin    Abstract （1471）      PDF （138KB）（1442）       Knowledge map    Save This paper reviews research achievements on rodents'hoarding behavior of plant seeds and fruits , and aims to provide resources for future studies on their roles in the dispersal of plant seeds and fruits. Most rodents consume large quantities of plant seeds and fruits. On the other hand , they disperse plant seeds and fruits away from parent trees or other seed sources via their hoarding behavior and scattering them under the litters or in the shallow layers of the surface soil. This may influence spatio-temporal distribution of the seeds and fruits , and consequently provide advantageous conditions for seed germination and seedling establishment. It has widely evolved a mutually beneficial or co-evolutionary relationship between rodents and plant seeds or fruits. Rodents' hoarding behavior may affect the dispersal of plant seeds and fruits via the following main processes : selection , transportation , burial (ie. scatter-hoarding) of the plant seeds and fruits ; and their consequential impacts on the survival and mortality of seeds and seedlings. Related Articles | Metrics

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Marine mammal researches in China HAO Yujiang,WANG Kexiong,HAN Jiabo,ZHENG Jingsong,XIAN Yijie,YAO Zhiping,LU Zhichuang,LI Haiyan,ZHANG Xianfeng    Abstract （7888）      PDF （441KB）（5227）       Knowledge map    Save Researchers in China have studied marine mammals for over 80 years. In recognition of Acta Theriologica Sinica’s 30 year anniversary,we have reviewed the history of this research using an extensive published literature as well as our own research and experience,summarized its progress,and discuss future prospects. Marine mammals in this paper are divided into three groups:whales,pinnipeds,and other marine mammals. We have focused on research examining the ecology, rearing and breeding biology,conservation genetic,acoustics,and conservation biology for selected species. Two main points have been drawn from the review. First,Chinese research on marine mammals is at the forefront of some fields including research on rearing and breeding biology,c onservation biology,and bio-acoustics of river dolphin or porpoise. The second point,unfortunately,is that there is a lack of systematics studies on marine mammals in Chinese coastal waters. Finally, we expect to see significant breakthroughs and real progress on the protection of endangered species in the near future. Related Articles | Metrics

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A winter wildlife survey in the northern Qiangtang of Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province, China George B. Schaller, KANG Aili, HASHI Tashi-Dorjie, CAI Ping    Abstract （2697）      PDF （407KB）（2732）       Knowledge map    Save We surveyed wildlife along a 1 692 km transect of uninhabited terrain in the northern Qiangtang Nature Reserve of Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) and the Kekexili Nature Reserve of Qinghai from 1 -23 November,2006. The Tibetan antelope (chiru) ( Pantholops hodgsoni) was the most abundant ungulate in this desert and alpine steppe at 4 800 - 5 200 m. We tallied 5 999 chiru within a 2 km strip (1 km on either side of our travel route)or 1.77 chiru/ km 2 and with a local variation of 0.03 -9.21/ km 2. Chiru in TAR appeared to have congregated at some sites for the December rut. It remains unclear to which migratory population these females belong and where they calve and where the males are at other seasons. Mean size of male herds was 6.3 and of female herds 6.4 but large aggregations with 100 or more animals of both sexes were also observed. The young: female ratio varied from 37 - 42∶ 100. We observed low densities of other ungulates in both TAR and western Kekexili but they increased in the eastern Kekexili where habitat conditions were less severe. Of the total number of wild yak ( Bos grunniens) in the transet,73% (n =977) were in eastern Kekexili, as were 48% (n =527) of kiang ( Equus kiang), and 95% (n = 146) of Tibetan gazelle ( Gazella picticaudata). The northern Qiangtang is an important winter area for chiru, and Kekexili is critical for conservation both as a calving ground for several chiru opulations and as a refuge for a substantial wild yak population. Several communities inhabited by pastoralists, east of the Golmud-Lhasa highway, have initiated wildlife conservation programs. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of seed productivity on dispersal of nuts of Quercus variabilis by rodents    Abstract （2102）      PDF （378KB）（2215）       Knowledge map    Save To learn the effects of seed productivity on nut dispersal of Cork oak ( Quercus variabilis)by rodents,we investigated the seed rain of Cork oak in 2008 and 2009,in the State-owned Yugong Forest Farm in Jiyuan,Henan Province, China. After the end of seed rain,tagged nuts of Cork oak were artificially released in secondary forest in the study area. The results showed that:1)Apodemus peninsulae,Niviventer confucianus,and Sciurotamias davidianus were the main rodent species predating nuts of Cork oak. Although success in trapping of the rodents was higher in 2009 (10% )than that in 2008 (2% ),the difference between two years was not significant;2)the seed productivity and constitution of the seed rain of Cork oak varied significantly between years:intact nuts were in the majority in 2008,while there were more aborted seeds in 2009;3)the median survival time of released nuts in 2008 and 2009 were 22.7 d and 8. 8 d,respectively,which indicated that high seed productivity decreased nut dispersal rate;4)the mean transport distance of nuts of Cork oak was significantly shorter in 2008 than that in 2009;and the transport distances of the two years were almost all concentrated within 9 m;5)rodents tended to scatter-hoard more nuts of Cork oak in 2008 than that in 2009. Our results indicated that mast seeding increased the possibility of nuts escaping from predating,and thus benefit plant regeneration due to predator satiation Related Articles | Metrics

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Diversity and conservation of cave-dwelling bats in Henan Province,China BU Yanzhen,WANG Yanmei,LIU Wei,YU Yan,HE Xinping,PENG Tian,NIU Hongxing ACTA Theriologica Sinica    2014, 34 (3): 252-.   Abstract （1807）      PDF （1538KB）（2807）       Knowledge map    Save A field survey on species diversity,number and distribution of cave-dwelling bats was conducted in 60 caves of Henan Province from June 2011 to July 2013. Bats were captured by using mist nets and hand nets. The number of bats was calculated with the method of direct counting and taking pictures. 3 families,6 genera and 17 species bats were identified according to external and skull characteristics. Among them,three species are listed as vulnerable (VU),seven are listed as near threatened (NT),and the remaining seven are listed as least concern (LC)in the China Species Red List. Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and R. pusillus were widespread species in Henan Province. According to the exploitation situation of caves and frequency of human activities,the interference degree of these caves was estimated. Among the 60 caves,30 caves have been seriously disturbed,10 caves disturbed lightly and only 20 caves maintained in their natural state. According to bat species,numbers and degrees of endangerment,the roosts were evaluated and divided into four levels based on their conservation importance. Caves of level 1 and most level 2 are large and complex,which are breeding and hibernation roosts,featured by multiple variety and huge amount. The total length of passages,the maximal width and height of the 60 caves were measured and compared. The three measurement data of level 1 are obviously larger than other levels. Presently,most caves in the region are not preserved well. Cave-dwelling bats are under serious threat due to several reasons, such as cave exploitation for tourism. Related Articles | Metrics

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A preliminary study of wolverine in Altay, Xinjiang LIU Xu, MA Ming, XU Fujun, XIONG Jiawu, Zhu Shibing, CUI Shaopeng, JIANG Zhigang, ZHANG Tong, GUO Hong, ERBOLAT Tuoliuhan ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2018, 38 (5): 519-524.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150161 Abstract （2058）      PDF （7555KB）（3216）       Knowledge map    Save Wolverine ( Gulo gulo) distribution in China is small, being found only in the Great Khingan Mountains, northeast China and the Altay Mountains, northwest China. It had been category Ⅰstate key protected wild animals because of the rarely population. Some studies of wolverines have been done in the Great Khingan Mountains but few in the Altay Mountains. In 2013-2016, we surveyed six chosen ranges to estimate the population size and density of wolverine in the Altay Mountains using a line transect method, a trace method, a questionnaire survey and infrared cameras. As a result, we directly observed and captured wolverines in Kaba, Burjin (Kanas Nature Reserve), Altai (Xiao donggou), Fuyun (Kurmut), Qinghe (Qinggil River). The population size in Altay Mountains was estimated approximately to be 97-166 individuals, from which the density was estimated to be 2.57-4.39 individuals/ 1000 km2. This scarce population may be related to grazing pressure, reduced food resources, habitat loss, or the increasing interference of human activity. As well, the conflict between wolverines and livestock and the border fencecould be another reason. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary studies on causes of death of Alpine musk KANG Fagong,LIU Zhixiao,ZHANG Xueyan,WANG Chenghua,DENG Kaidong    Abstract （4773）      PDF （191KB）（2607）       Knowledge map    Save We analyzed 254 deaths caused by diseases in captive Alpine musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) from 1998 to 2005 at the Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm, Gansu . Among the eight categories of diseases,respiratory system diseases had the highest incidence rate of 26.8%, followed by motor system diseases (16.5% ), digestive and nutritive diseases (14.6% ), unidentified diseases (14. 2%), cardiovascular system diseases (13% ), urinary system diseases (9.8% ), nervous system diseases (3.5% ),and reproductive system diseases (1.6% ). The percentages of dead males were higher than those of the females for deaths caused by digestive system and nutritive diseases (♂62.2%), cardiovascular system diseases (60.6% ), nervous system diseases (66.7% ),unidentified diseases (61.1% ), and particularly the urinary system diseases (up to 84% ), and the male to female ratio of deaths caused by all the diseases was (♂∶ ♀)1∶ 0.76, showing a male-skewed mortality. The mortality of newborn and fawns was relatively high, and the percentage of deaths in one and two- year-old deer was 51.6% of the total, but those decreased with deer age. The relationship between the economic benefit in the farming of musk deer and the prevention of diseases were discussed Finally,we offered a strategy to control the incidence of diseases by regarding the musk deer as a solitary species. Related Articles | Metrics

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SURVEY ON AMUR TIGERS IN JILIN PROVINCE LI Tong,JlANG Jinsong,WU Zhigang,HAN Xiaodong,WU Jingcai,YANG Xingjia    Abstract （1655）      PDF （160KB）（1692）       Knowledge map    Save Eight year's field survey ascertains that the seven to nine Amur tigers (Panther tiger altaica) distribute over three areas in Jilin Province. Three to five tigers distribute over Dalongling area, one over Haerbaling and three over Zhangguangcailing area. The suitable habitats for Amur tigers are hills with middle-aged, mixed forest dominated by oak, with the altitude of 800 to 1100 meters where human population density is 15 individuals km 2, and the density of prey including wild boar, roe deer and red deer is 2.5 individuals km 2. Related Articles | Metrics

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Catalogue of mammals in China(2021) WEI Fuwen, YANG Qisen, WU Yi, JIANG Xuelong, LIU Shaoying, LI Baoguo, YANG Guang, LI Ming, ZHOU Jiang, LI Song, HU Yibo, GE Deyan, LI Sheng, YU Wenhua, CHEN Bingyao, ZHANG Zejun, ZHOU Caiquan, WU Shibao, ZHANG Li, CHEN Zhongzheng, CHEN Shunde, DENG Huaiqing, JIANG Tinglei, ZHANG Libiao, SHI Hongyan, LU Xueli, LI Quan, LIU Zhu, CUI Yaqian, LI Yuchun ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2021, 41 (5): 487-501.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150595 Abstract （13171）      PDF （1771KB）（6880）       Knowledge map    Save China is one of the countries with the highest diversity of mammalian species. Knowledge of mammalian diversity and their taxonomy is fundamental to mammalian research and is the basis of scientific conservation of wild populations. To clarify the species diversity and important taxonomic information such as the taxonomic position of mammals in China, the China Mammalogical Society organized an editorial committee consisting of taxonomists studying different taxonomic groups. Based on previous taxonomic studies and the latest morphological and genetic evidences, the editorial committee produced the latest catalogue of mammalian species in China. This catalogue includes 12 orders, 59 families, 254 genera, and 686 species. The catalogue uses the taxonomy system based on phylogeny and fully discusses the validity of species taxonomy. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ontogeny and the influencing factors of bite force and feeding rate of giant pandas ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca) SUN Mengmeng, YAN Xiao, LI Feng, TANG Yong, ZHANG Xinxing, DONG Chao, HUANG Shengjie, ZHENG Yuanming, LUO Yong, ZHOU Shiqiang ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA    2024, 44 (2): 135-145.   DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150781 Abstract （56）   HTML （0）    PDF （3796KB）（52）       Knowledge map    Save The biting ability of giant pandas ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca) holds significant importance in terms of food acquisition and male-male competition. Their distinctive dietary preferences and masticatory system render them an ideal species for investigating bite forces. Nevertheless, current studies have predominantly relied on theoretical assessments derived from panda skull morphology, with no empirical animal experimentation conducted. The present study designed a force transducer specifically tailored for giant pandas, and measured body weight, bite forces, and feeding rate in a sample of 46 individuals from various age groups, with a particular focus on juvenile development. The results showed that bite forces at the tip of the incisor of juvenile giant pandas increased rapidly during the dental transitional period, as well as the feeding rate of bamboo shoots. At the end of the dental transitional phase, the bite forces exerted at the incisor point of juvenile giant pandas continued to display a growing trend, albeit at a decelerated rate. Concurrently, the feeding rate reached a state of equilibrium. The utilization of a logistic model revealed that age explains 87.56% of the variance observed in the feeding rate among juvenile pandas. As for the comparisons of age groups, the median bite force value exhibited an upward trajectory in tandem with increasing age. The bite force of 8-month to 12-month age group was significantly lower than the bite forces of all the other age groups; the bite force of 13-month to 18-month age group was significantly lower than those of sub-adult, adults and geriatric group; however, there was no significant difference between the latter three groups. The adult group has the highest feeding rate of bamboo shoots and carrots, followed successively by the sub-adult group, the geriatric groups and the juvenile group. In summary, our study confirmed for the first time the feasibility of measuring bite forces of giant pandas by using force transducer, recorded the developmental process of bite forces and feeding rate of juvenile giant pandas during the dental transitional period, and discussed the effect of age on bite forces and feeding rate, all of which laying a good foundation for future work of giant pandas’ feeding ecology. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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BEHAVIOR CODING AND ETHOGRAM OF THE PÈRE DAVID'S DEER JIANG Zhigang    Abstract （2518）      PDF （193KB）（2107）       Knowledge map    Save Taking the Père David's deer ( Elaphurus davidianus) as an example, I distinguished the terms “posture”, “act” and “behavior”. Behavior is defined as animal's movements with a defined posture plus certain acts within an ecological environment. Thus, by using the concept of "posture-act-environment”, I put forward the three element coding system for animal's behavior based on the three components of animal behavior. Suppose B, P, A and E are the sets representing studying animal's behavior, posture, act and environment, respectively. bi, pi, ai and ei are the elements or subset of the set B, P, A and E. Behavior bi is defined as : bi = pi∩ ai∩ ei ; pi ∈P ; ai ∈A ; ei∈EI thus established a functional behavioral classification and coding system for studying animal behavior. The coding system is called PAE coding system, which is based on the set theory and states the relationship among animal's posture, act and ecological environment, clarifies the confusion of posture, act and behavior in ethological and behavioral ecological studies, distinguishes the component s and structure of animal behavior. The PAE coding system opens a new domain for the behavioral research. In this study, I recorded 12 postures of the Père David's deer : “standing”, “rearing”, “kneeling down”, “sitting”, “lying”, “walking”, “running”, “jumping”, “swimming”, “head on clashing”, “mounting” and “nursing”. I also recorded 92 acts and 134 behaviors. I also gave out the relative frequency of each behavior in relation to sex and age, and the season in which the behavior is likely to be occurred. Related Articles | Metrics

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Food habits of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsoni)in the Kekexili Nature Reserve CAO Yifan,SU Jianping,LIAN Xinming,ZHANG Tongzuo,CUI Qinghu    Abstract （3163）      PDF （249KB）（2612）       Knowledge map    Save We studied the diets of Tibetan antelopes ( Pantholops hodgsoni) by fecal microhistological analysis and compared the difference of the diets between warm-season (in July)and cold-season (in January) in Kekexili Nature Reserve, Qinghai Province,where we collected fresh fecal samples from Tibetan antelopes (33 in July 2005 and 55 in January 2006). Results showed that a total of 24 species (genera)belonging to 15 families were foraged by antelopes. By checking the frequency of each plant fragments in fecal samples,we found that Gramineae, Cyperaceae, Legume, Compositae, Tamaricaceae and Scrophulariae were the main food items. Gramineae was the main food throughout the year, and accounted for 60.5% of food composition. In addition, antelopes fed on Cyperaceae, Legume, Compositae, Tamaricaceae and Scrophulariae in quite high proportions annually, accounting for 16.7%, 9.2%, 6.4%, 4.9%, and 0.9% respectively. There was significant variation in diet in different seasons. In the cold season, Cyperaceae and Tamaricaceae decreased to 7.7% and 0.8% respectively, while Gramineae, Legume and Scrophulariae increased to 70.4%, 12.6% and 2.4% respectively. Related Articles | Metrics