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07 July 2008, Volume 18 Issue 4

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POPULATION SIZE AND AGE STRUCTURE OF GOLDEN TAKIN IN FOPING NATURE RESERVE, SHAANXI, CHINA

ZENG Zhigao, SONG Yan ling, GONG Huisheng

1998, 18(4):  241-246. 

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A popu lat ion census for the golden takins (Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi) was conducted in the Fop ing Nature Reserve wh ich locates in 33°32′～33°43′N , 107°40′～107°55′E in 1996. The populat ion size was estimated to be 435～527 individuals w hich made high density of 1.29～1.56 individuals per square kilometer in the reserve. The ratio fadult female to adult male was about 1: 0.50 which was favored to female. Adult ales were consisted of 17.3% of the population, adult females came to 35.40% , ubadult s 35.03% , and calves 12.24% respectively. The annual growth rate of the takin population between 1991 and 1996 was 18.48% in average and the increase rate as much greater than that f rom 1984 to 1991. The difference of age structures between wo censuses made in 1991 and 1996 showed a trend that the proport ion of subadults beame higher. From f ield observation, we believe that migration of the animals from adjacent areas to the reserve was likely responsible for the fast population growth. Commercial logging in a non-sustainable way by the logging company in the adjacent areas as the reason to force takins move to the reserve and concentrate here.

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SEXUAL BEHAVIORAL PATTERN IN THE FEMALE THIBETANMONKEYS (MACACA THIBETANA)

XIONG Chengpei

1998, 18(4):  247-253. 

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The genus Macaca is divisible in to seasonal and non-seasonal species in breeding patterns . The Thibetan monkeys exhibited a lack of a restricted mating season , instead mating take place throughout the year with a peak in August and September, but births are concent rated between the months of January and August with a peak in March and April. During the ten years 55 births have occurred , 61% of the adult females gave birth every year, and the lowest birth in terval was 290 days and longest 871 days. The first ,conception for these females from which a mean age of 4 years. It compare the patterns of breeding in our Thibetan monkeys with those of other macaque species . They are shown a particular breeding pattern of noneasonal mating-seasonal birth. Their matings were not correlated with the conception in the four months of a year. It is suggest that in th is species social factors may play a predominant role in the regulation of sexual in teractions.
The conceived females have their copulatory activity before 57～92 days (average 70 days) of births , and they tended to mate with high-ranking adultmales. But the non-conceived females tended to mate w ith low-rank ing adult males. The non-conceived females mated more frequenty than the conceived females , and they also received more grooming f rom adult males than those conceived females , the grooming frequency was correlated with the copulatory activity . However, the conceived females received aggression f rom adult males more than the non-conceived females, it is shown that a minus correlation between the aggression f requency and copulatory activity.

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STUDIES ON THE ENERGY METABOLISM OF SIKA DEER AT ANTLER-GROWING PERIOD

LI Zhongkuan, GAO Xiuhua, WANG Feng,　LI Hong, ZHANG Xiaoming

1998, 18(4):  254-259. 

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The energy metabolism of male sika deer at antler growing period was studied by indirect respiration calorimetric experiments and digestible metabolic trials under the different energy in take levels and the different protein in take levels . The main results were obtained as follows:
( 1) The heat p roduction (HP) and body energy retention were all increased with the increasing of gross energy intake (GE I). Energy reserves (ER ) might be deposited with efficiencies of 0.59 (Kgp ) and 0.61 (Kgf) for protein and fat, respectively. The regression equation between HP and GEI was obtained as follows:
HP (kJ/W ^0.75.d) = 265.12+ 0.332GE I (kJ/W ^0.75.d)
(2) The ratio of HP/GEI were lower for the 29% protein level groups during theearlier stage and later stage of antler growth (P < 0.05). There were no significant difference between different stage in HPGEI ratio when the dietfed were same protein level (P > 0.05). Both antler growth stage and dietary protein level had no significant effect on the body ER -GE I ratio ( P > 0.05 ) , The body protein energy retention (EPR ) -ER ratio of the 29% protein groups were higher than those of the 22% protein groups both the earlier stage and later stage of antler growth (P< 0.05) , but the body fat energy retention (EFR ) -ER ratio returned the other way around.

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VARIATION AND SPATIAL PATTERN OF RODENT SPECIES RICHNESS IN NORTH CHINA (HUABEI) PLAIN AND LOESS PLATEAU

YE Xiaodi, MA Yong, FENG Zuojian

1998, 18(4):  260-267. 

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The relationships between the spatial pattern of rodent species richness and environment factors were analysed based on wild survey in North China plain and Loessp lateau from 1992 to 1994, using quadratesmethod and living-trap as the primary means of data collection . The results showed that: There are the more species richness of rodent in Nanmong Plateau (northernest Shaanxi and southernest Inner Mongolia) than that of Fen, Wei rivers basin of Shaanxi and Shanxi and also Hebei Mountainous area,but there are the most lowest species in Huabei Plain. The correlation analysis showed that: Species richness does not appear to the increase of latitude and altitude changes ,but obviously positive correlated with longitude increase; species richness, positively correlated with area of mountain, not obviously correlated with hills, the most obviously positive correlated with total area of landscape types , by contrast, negatively correlated with area of plain; richness is not obviously correlated with temperature, but negatively correlated with fall rain. Based on our data , the species richness of rodents is determined by the degree of complicates of habitat types.

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AGE CLASSIFICATION AND AGE STRUCTURE OF RATTUS FLAVIPECTUS IN DONGTING LAKE REGION

ZHANG Meiwen　GUO Cong，WANG Yong，LIU Huifen，LIBo，CHEN Anguo

1998, 18(4):  268-276. 

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Refer to the reproductive status, Buff-breasted rat (Rattus flavipectus) in Dongting
Lake region was divided into 5 age classes based on body weight without viscera: Age
class I. juvenile, ≤35 g; II. subadu lt, 36～65 g; III. adult I, 66～100 g; IV. adu lt II,
101～135 g; V. o ld, >135 g.
The differences among the body weight without viscera, the body weight, the body
length and tail length between neighboring age class were signif icant.
The body weight of the animals kept increasing in all age classes. The length of body and tail also kept growing from age class I to IV , but the growing rates were not
obvious in age class V.
The females started breeding from age class II and reach peak at age class IV. The
size of test is grew continuously from age class I to IV.
The age distribution fluctuated from January to June, and it was stable relatively
f rom July to December.

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COMPARISION OF PARENTAL BEHAVIOR IN BRANDT'S VOLES

YIN Feng, FANG Jiming

1998, 18(4):  277-281. 

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Parental care and growth and behavioral development of infant on Brandt's voles (M -icrotus brandti) were studied in the laboratory. It were found that compared with male, female spent significantly more time grooming, building and maintaining nest during the 21 days following the parturition, especially the first 9 days. The amount of maternal behavior such as brooding, pup grooming and staying in the nest gradually decreased ( r= - 0.70, P < 0.001; r= - 0.75, P < 0.001; r= - 0.59, P < 0.01, respectively). However, the paternal behavior remained stable form parturition to weaning ( r = - 0.04, P < 0.9851; r = - 0.48, P < 0.0275; r = - 0.35, P < 0.1161, respect ively) , But the amount of retrieving of male and female gradually increased ( r=0.5, P < 0.05; r= 0.5, P < 0.05).

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STUDIES ON THE FOOD COMPOSITION OF MICROTUS

WU Lin, ZHANG Meiwen, LIBo

1998, 18(4):  282-291. 

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The stomach content s of Yangtze voles (Microtus fortis calamorum ) , w hich were
collected in Carex f lats, rice field, hill in Matang, Yueyang count and reed plantation in
Xiaofanzhou, Changde count, were analyzed to determine the food composition by the
method of microhistological identification.
The vole lived in Carex f lats during spring and winter . The major food items of the
voles were consisted of Carex spp. and Cardamine hirsuta. Voles ate more Carex spp.
during spring (71.05% of diets) than during winter (68.97% of diets). Contrarily, Cardamine hirsuta of diets in spring (13.81% ) was less than that in winter (29.21% ). The voles primarily took monocot in spring (77.26% ) and winter (69.05% ). Leaves were always the most favorite food of the vole, the bulk of plant leaves in the animal diet was more than 91% in spring and winter.
In rice f ield, Monocot food items constituted 93.45% ( in summer) and 86.52% ( in
autumn) of diets of the voles. The major food items of the voles were rice (74.54% in
summer and 68.42% in autumn ) and Paspalum distichum ( 13.16% in summer and
11.24% in autumn). Leaves were dominant in diets in summer. Bu t the voles turned to
take seeds heavily (51.94 %) and the bulk of leaves (46.48% ) in diets reduced in autumn.
In hill habitat during summer, the numbers of food items which voles ate were
fourteen; Trisetum bifidum (36.98% of diet s) , Erigeron annuspers (23.61% ) and rice
(14.51% ) was major food items of the voles. The voles heavily used leaves (99.68% )and monocot (65.63% ) in this season. During autumn, monocot food items (60.68% )
were still more than dicot (26.48% ) in the voles diet s, but the numbers of food items of
the voles and leaves in the diets (48.69% ) reduced, accordingly the bulk of seed in diets
(35.57% ) signif icantly increased. Moreover, bark in diets of voles in au tumn were found.
In reed plantation during spring, the voles primarily ate Cardamine hirsuts
(42.81% ) , Phalaris arund inacea (20.17% ) , M iscanthus saccharif lorus (15.05% ) and Carex spp. (10.49% ). The voles used more dicot food items (54.29% ) than monocot (45.71% ). The voles heavily took plant seeds (34.50% ) , however the bulk of leaves (61.20% ) was still dominate in the voles diets.All of these indicated that the voles could shift food habit swith the variation of season and location.

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LOCOMOTION ENERGETICS AND THERMOREGULATION IN ROOT VOLES (MICROTUS OECONOMUS)

WANG Dehua，WANG Zuwang

1998, 18(4):  292-298. 

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The metabolic rate, body temperature and evaporative water loss were measured at
different ambient temperatures (Ta) between 15～30℃while the root vole (Microtus oeconoums) were running in a treadmill respirometer at 5, 10, 15 m/min. Body temperature increased with increasing ambient temperature at a given velocity of runing and increased with increasing velocity of running at a given ambient temperature. Them etabolic rate increased with velocity at a given Ta. At low T_a the heat produced by locomotion seems to be substitutive for that due to cold exposure, and at moderate T_a the activity thermogenesis seems to be additive to that due to cold exposure. The evaporative water loss was increased 2.1 to 2.7 times over resting levels the animals were running15 m / min at ambient temperatures of 15℃, 20℃ and 30℃. At a given T_a the therm alconductance of root vole was greater during activity than that of at rest except at 15℃,and increased with increasing T_a at given velocity. The heat loss by evaporation play an important role in thermoregulation at high T_a or during activity for root vole.

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THE EFFECTS OF STIMULATED HYPOXIA ON LIVER ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND HEART SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM Ca2+ -PUMP OF OCHOTONA CURZONIAE

WU Yan, DU Jizeng, YOU Zhibing

1998, 18(4):  299-303. 

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The effects of stimulated hypoxia on Ca²⁺ -pump activity of the liver endoplasmic reticulum (ER ) and heart scarcoplasmic reticulum (SR ) of Ochotona curzoniae (pika) were studied. Inthis experiment Ochotona curzoniae were exposed to simulated altitudes of 5 000m and 7 000m in hypobaric pressure chamber for 24 hours, 7 days and 25 days.The effects of different altitude and different duration of hypoxia onCa²⁺ -pump activity are not same. After exposed to 7000m hypoxia for 24 hours, Ca^{2+ -}pump activity of pika ER was inhibited 29.02% (P < 0.1). After 7 days of hypoxia Ca²⁺ -pump activity of ER and SR increase 32.59% (P < 0.05) and 33.33% (P < 0.01) at altitude of 5 000 m and 7 000 m. During chronic hypoxia of 25 days, theCa²⁺ -pump activity of were unchanged.

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INTERSPECIFIC OF ISOZYME SYSTEMS BETWEEN APODEMUS DRACO AND APODEMUS PENINSULAE

FU Biqian，CHEN Wei，GAO Wu，ZHANG Kexin，YUAN Hong，RUI Chao sheng，LI Juhuai

1998, 18(4):  304-310. 

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Apodemus draco and A . peninsulae are the two species quite similar in morphological characters. In order to explore some diagnostic means of the biochemical taxonomy of the two species, LDH, EST and SOD isozymes were isolated from legmuscles, breastmuscles, hearts,kidneys, livers, spleens, lungs and brains of A . d raco and A . peninsulae and were analyzed by isoelectric focusing with PAGE. D istinctinterspecific differences were found in EST and OD electrophoregrams, but not found in LDH electrophoregrams. It was suggested that A .d raco and A . peninsulae could be unequivocally distinguished by the presence or absence of A ₂ band in EST isozymes or by the variations of isoelectric point (pI) of main bands in SOD isozymes.

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INVESTIGATION ON SELENARCTOS THIBETANUS MUPINENS IS RESOURCES IN THE GANZI PREFECTURE OF SICHUAN

PENG Jitai

1998, 18(4):  311-313. 

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THE SPATIAL PATTERNS OF RODENTS IN THE NORTH DESERT-STEPPE OF INNERMOGOLIA

MI Jingchuan,XIA Lianxu,WANG Lanfang,ZHANG Dayu,HAN Xiaozhong

1998, 18(4):  314-316. 

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DETERMINATION OF THE BLOOD PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY VALUES OF THE GIANT PANDA

WANG Qiang,TANG Fei,ZHONG Shunlong,　NIU Lili,　CHEN Hongwei

1998, 18(4):  317-319. 

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