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07 July 2008, Volume 17 Issue 2

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A NEW PHYLOGENETIC TREE FOR GIBBONS(HYLOBATES SPP.)

MA Shilai

1997, 17(2):  81-91. 

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This paper, based on morphological, ecological, behavioural, distribution, fossils and chromosome characters ( see tables 1 and 2) , constructs a new phylogenetic tree for the recent gibbons ( Fig. 2- A ) and hypothesize a possible phylogeny system (Fig. 2-B) for Hylobates spp. ( included probable extincts) according to Robert sonian centric fusion. The new tree of the gibbons′phylogeny and the study methods differ from other's studies (Groves, 1972; Creel et al. , 1976, 1984; Chivers, 1977; Haimoff et al. , 1982,1984; Shafer et al. , 1984; Marshall et al. , 1986) to be mainly in that: 　　 　　1. The comparative characters used for the gibbons′evolutional analysis are varied subjects. 　　2. The chromosome gene evolution is regarded as a main direction of the gibbons’ phylogeny. 　　3. Chinese main land is look upon the primary place of the gibbons′origin, and H .concolor is represented the earliest sistinct taxa. 　　4. Java island is affirmed the secondary rise area, and the Siam ang (H .syndactylus) is suggested the subordinate speciated. 　　5. The white-browed gibbon (H . hoolock ) ought to be the progaressest classified species. 　　6. Other gibbons′taxas of the genus (Hylobates) , in order of its′phylogeney are intercalated between two sets of the siamang ( H . syndactylus) and the hoolock gibbon (H . hoolock ).

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DNA FINGERPRINTING ANALYSIS ON THE PATERNITY DETERM INATION OF GIANT PANDA

FANG Shengguo, FENG Wenhe, ZHANG Anju,　Li Shaochang,　YU Jianqiu, HE Guangxin,　FEI Lisong

1997, 17(2):  92-99. 

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Using the method of labelling oligonucleotide probe JH12.6 and LZF-1 with radioactive ³²p we have done the paternity determination of filial generation of artificial breeding giant pandas including 19 young babies and 25“fathers”in 14 litters by isolating DNA from hairs, blood, semina, formalin-fixed testes, excrements and urine, and the clear and high distinctive patterns of giant panda DNA fingerprints were obtained. 　　1.The DNA fingerprints of hairs, blood, semina, formalin-fixed testes, excrements and urine of the same giant panda are identical. 　　2. All the DNA hybrid bands of any filial generation farrowed down by monogamy and polyandry ( including 2, 3 and 4m ales) were observed in their parents, and the true fathers of the 19 young babies have been determined.　 　3.The DNA fingerprints of 10 young babies in 5 pairs of twins are highly individual-specific, and it make clear that the 5 pairs of twins be the fraternal twins. In these fraternal twins 4 babies born in 1995 in the 2 pairs of twins have their respective fathers,and it make known that the filial generations of artificial breeding giant and as have not only the fraternal twin but also the twins of half blood”. The result has provided the theoretical and applied basis for raising farrowing efficiency of female giant pandas by polyandry, mating or in seminating many times in an oestrus. 　　4.In the paternity determination of giant panda the method of detecting the DNA fingerprints is sensitive and stable, it has solved the fear of disturbance in the rear for the mating ways of polyandry, mating or in seminating many times in an oestrus of giant panda. 　　5.The oligonucleotide probe LZF-1 is better than that of JH12.6 in the paternity determination of giant panda. 　　

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PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON WATER INTAKE AND CONSUMPTION OF CAPTIVE WHITE-HEADED LEAF MONKEY (PRESBYTIS LEUCOCEPHALUS ) IN SUMMER

HUANG Chengming, LU Liren,　LI Chunyao

1997, 17(2):  100-106. 

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Water contained in leaves is the main resource available for white-headed leaf monkey(Presbytis leucocephalus) , up to 83.68% of total requirement. There is still other 16.32% of water requirement which is from running water in cage or rain water and/or dew in stone shallow in thewild. Although drinking behavior is not the inevitable link in daily activities, it was often observed in wild especially right after raining in summer. regardless evaporation of the body surface and respiration system, there are still two pathways of water loss. Water loss through urine and feces are 44.68% and 53.32% respectively.

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A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE SETS OF BADGER IN YANCHENG NATURE RESERVE

XU Hongfa, LU Houji,　WANG Xiaoming

1997, 17(2):  107-112. 

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Total 6 sets of badgers (Meles meles) were investigated and measured in Yancheng Nature Reserve. The results showed that the average numbers of entrances of the set are 12.7 and average set size is 192.1 m². The average diameter of entrance is 25.8 (±8.1) × 32.2 (±11.8) cm. The entrances can be divided into three types: inclined entrance; vertical entrance; and horizontal entrance. The persentage of three types entrances are 77.6 % , 11.8 % and 10.5% , respectively. Only two or three entrances are frequently used per set (19.7 % ) , 55.3 % of the entrances were abandoned and 25 % of the entrances were used asionally. The badger is very sensitive animal; it will dig new holes when the entrance was disturbed.

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WINTER HOME RANGES OF SABLES (MARTES ZIBELLINA ) IN DAXINGANL INGMOUNTAINS, CHINA

XU Li, JIANG Zhaowen, MA Yiqing,　LI Xiaomin, SteveW. Buskirk ,Steve W. Buskirk

1997, 17(2):  113-117. 

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In winters (October～December) from 1991 to 1993, we conducted a research on home ranges of 7 wild sables (4 males, 3 females) with radio collars in Daxingan ling Mountains, Northeast China. Research results indicated that average home range size of males was 13.03km² (9.13～17.33 km²) , that of females was 7.18km² (6.13～8.42km² ). Males had almost two times larger homeranges than that of females. The longest diameter of homeranges of male sables was 5.50 km , that of females was 4.17 km.There was over-lap of homeranges between male and female. Average degree of over-lap was 62.0%. Over-laps of homeranges hardly existed among male individuals. Factors affecting homerange size mainly were sable exes, abundance of foods , human disturbance and so on.

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FLUCTUATION AND SUCCESSION OF POPULATION OF RODENTS IN HAHAER HILLS, INNER MONGOLIA

LI Zhonglai, LIU Laifu, ZHANG Yaoxing

1997, 17(2):  118-124. 

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According to the population of rodents inWuningbatu Sumu, Zhengxiangbai Qi, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region during 1974～1993, the authors have found that there were 13 rodent species, with Citellus dauricus (67.85% ) as the dominant species and Allactaga sibirica (10.16% ) came second, the common species were Meriones unguiculatus, Microtus brandti and Ochotona daurica, and the other species were very few.The correlation between the number of individuals ( the sum of population densities of rodents in unit area) and density of C. dauricus was positive (P < 0.0001) , between A .sibirica and the number of individuals, and between A.sibirica and C. dauricus were negative, respectively (P < 0.001). The regression model was ( the number of individuals) = 1.065+ 0.916 (density of C. dauricus) + 0.310 (density of A . sibirica) (P < 0.0001). The diversity and evenness of rodents were influenced significantly by the density of C. dauricus. In another part, a Logistic piecewise model of the population growth N (t) = K/{1+ { [K- N (t₀) ] /N ( t₀) } exp {- [ r₀ ( t- t₀) + ( r₁- r₀) (t- t_c) H (tt_c)]}} was introduced, where N ( t) was a population density at time t, K was a carrying capacity, r₀ and r₁ were instantaneous rates of increase, t_c was a change point, H ( t- t_c) = 1,t≥t_c, and H ( t- t_c) = 0, otherwise. The parameters and the change point were determinted at the same time by the multivariate secant ( DUD, Doesn’t use derivatives) method of the nonlinear model. Finally, two simulation examples in the density of C.dauricus and the number of individuals were given respectively.

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FORECASTING THE POPULATION DENSITY OFSTRIPED FIELD MOUSE IN THE RICE AREA

WANG Yong, CHEN Anguo,　GUO Cong,　LIBo, LI Shibi

1997, 17(2):  125-130. 

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We studied the population of striped field mouse (Apodemus agrarius) in Taoyuan, Henshou and Chunfeng, Hunan province from October, 1986 to March, 1995. The mouse population was forecasted with means of stepwise regression analysis, and the linear regression equation was obtained: Y= 0.7966X₁+ 1.1149X₂- 10.0921X₃- 2.4019 (m = 3, df = 39, Sy= 2.9364, R = 0.8289 ) 　　Where X₁: Cardinal number (Capture rate of March for the period of April to October; Capture rate of October for the period of November to March) ; X₂: Reproductive index (Litter size/Number of females) ; X₃: Age structure:Ⅲ♀/N; proportion of adult female to total number; Y: Forecasted month density two months later. 　　We predicted the population densities of striped field mouse with the linear regression in June and October, 1992. March, June and October, 1993 and 1994. March,1995. The predicted values matched with the real population densities of striped field mouse in the field.　　

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THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING FACTOR AND NOREP INEPHRINE ON HUMORAL IMMUNE FUNCTION OF OCHTONA CURZONIAE

BAI Haibo, DU Jizeng

1997, 17(2):  131-135. 

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What action the CRF and NE played in modulating immune function in the brain of Ochotona curzoniae was studied. The changes of humoral immune function of Ochotona curzoniae were examined by icv injection of CRF, NE and their blocker. The results showed that icv CRF (110 Lg) resulted in a 29.2% (P < 0.01) decrement in the production of IgG; Central administ ration ( icv) of the CRF an tagonist-helical CRF- (9-41) 50ug completely blocked the immunosuppressive action of CRF, when animal were icv injection of NE 5 nM produced a significant suppression of the IgG production. After destroyed central sympathetic nervous system with 6-OHDA , the IgG levels increased by 24.3% (P < 0.01). These findings suggest that enhanced CRF level in the brain might be a source to reduce humoral immune function and central sympathetic nervous system may play a strained suppressive role in modulation of humoral immune in Ochotona curzoniae.

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STUD IESON VARIATION OF PEROXIDASE AND ESTERASE FOR SIXMURIDS

HE Xinxia,　JIN Xiaoling,　ZHOU Yucan, ZHENG Xiangjian,　SHEN Hui

1997, 17(2):  136-140. 

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The allelic variations of peroxidase in the tissues of heart and esterase isozymes in the tissues of liver for two species of the genus Apodemus and four species of the genus Rattus were analysed to studies on biochemical systematics of the Rattus group. the results obtained showed that there are four zones of peroxidase in the tissues of heart for each species and their migratory velocities were faster for the R. niviventer and R. edwardsi species than for the R. rattoides and R. norvegicus species. The distances between the each two zones were farther for the genus Apodemus than for the genus Rattus. This feature may bet reated as the difference between the two genera. The number of the esterase zone and their mobilities were obviously different from the species to the species.The difference of the esterase isozymes between the two generalie in that there is one zone with the fastest movemen t in the genus Rattus and two zones with the fastest movement in the genus Apodemus. The phenetic analysis with the nine biochemical characters seems in ally the R. ra ttoides is closed to the R. norvegicus, and the R. niviventer is closed to the R. edwardsi,When they are compared without group species, the R. edwardsi is nearer to the species of Apodemus than the other three species in the genus Rattus.

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STUDIES OF ISOZYMES IN THE TISSUES OF RATTUS NIVIVENTER

FU Biqian，YUAN Hong，ZHAN GKexing，CHENWei， RUI Chaosheng，GAO Wu，LI Chunling

1997, 17(2):  141-145. 

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By the method of isoelect ro-focusing PAGE, four kinds of isozymes in different tissues of Rattus niviventer captured in Beijing were studied. The dispersal and the activities of the isozyme bands were compared, and distinct organ specificity were found in EST isozymes, LDH isozymes and ADH isozymes, but not in SOD isozymes. The activities of isozymes were usually much higher in liver and kidney than in the other organs,but usually lower in spleen, lung and brain, except for EST isozymes in spleen and lung and except for LDH isozymes in brain. Heart muscle and skeleton muscle are significantly differential in LDH isozymes because of their difference in oxygen tension, nevertheless, they are quite similar in other three kinds of isozymes. The differences of various organs in isozymes are in keeping with their differences in physiological functions.

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STUDIES ON INORGANIC CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN SKELETONS OF PLATEAU ZOKER AND PLATEAU PIKA Ⅰ1. MACROELEMENTS

SUO Yourui，YI Fushen，ZHANG Baochen

1997, 17(2):  146-150. 

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The contents and distributions of the inorganicm acroelements K, N a, Ca, M g, P and A l in skeletons of plateau zoker (Myospalax baileyi) and plateau pika (Ochotona curzoiae) were studied in the area of Haibei Research Station of Alpine Meadow Ecosystem. The result sare as follows: 　　The contents of Ca, P and A l in skeleton of plateau zoker are very significantly higher than that in skeleton of plateau pika (P <0.01) , the contents of Kin skeleton of plateau zoker are extremely significantly lower than that in skeleton of plateau pika (P< 0.001) , and the contents of Na and Mg between plateau zoker and plateau pika are not different (P > 0.05). 　　The distributions of total amount of macroelements in different parts of skeleton are: plateau zoker leg bone> head bone> backbone, plateau pika head bone> leg bone>backbone. 　　In total 15 element pairs, 10 pairs for plateau zoker and 13 pairs for plateau pika are significantly correlated.

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COMPARISON OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBSERVATION METHODS IN THE FOOD HABIT STUDY OF HAINAN ELD’S DEER

SONG Yanling

1997, 17(2):  151-154. 

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STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF BONE OIL IN MYOSPALAX BAILEYI

Zhang Xiaofeng , Zhang Baochen

1997, 17(2):  155-157. 

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