Table of Content

07 July 2008, Volume 15 Issue 2

Previous Issue    Next Issue

For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX

Toggle Thumbnails

Select

GE0GRAPHICAL VARIATION 0F EXTERNAL MEASUREMENTS AND THREE SUBSPECIES 0F NEDPHDCAENA PHOCAENOIDES IN CHINESE WATERS

GAO Anli，ZHOU Kaiya

1995, 15(2):  81-92. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (338KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

The finless porpoise,Neophocaena phocaenoides is distributed in the form of a narrow band along the coast line of tropical and temperate Asia and in the Yangtze river．
The differences of external measurements among the populations in Chinese waters were studied using t-test．analysis of covariance and discriminant analysis．Based on 226 specimens collected between 1974 and 1993 by the Cetacean Research Laboratory．Nanjing Normal University．A total of 84 from Yangtze population．97 from Yellow Sea population and 45 from South China Sea population was available for study．
According to the distinct differences in external measurements，sktull measurements(Gao,1991)，growth and reproduction pattern (Gao et al.1993) among the Yangtze
River,Yellow Sea and South China Sea populations as well as the differences among the Chinese populations and the South Asian and Japanese populations，the authors suggest that Neophocaena phocaenoides be consisted of 3 subspecies:1) N eophocaena phocaenoides phaenoides(Cuvier,1829)，inhabits the coastal waters of South China Sea and southern part of East China Sea.Diagnosis:Dorsal ridge originates after the m idlength on dorsum,10-14 rows,of tubercles，tubercle area is 48-120 mm or larger in width.2)N .P．sunameri Pilleri and Gihr,1975．inhabits the coastal waters of Yellow Sea，Bohai Sea,East China Sea and off the west coast of Korea．Diagnosis：Dorsal ridge originates before or at midlength on dorsum ,16 mm or more in height，and reaches 55mm in maximum ，2-9 rows of tubercles，may exceed 9 rows in Japanese porpoise．Tubercle area l2mm or less in width，may exceed l2 mm a bit in Japanese porpoise．3)N .P asiaeorientalis(Pilleri and Gihr，l972)，inhabits the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,the Dongting Lake and the Boyang Lake Diagnosis:Dorsal ridge originates before or at midlength on dorsum ,2-5 rows of tubercles，tubercle area 8 mm or less in width.Dorsal ridge hardly exceeds 15 mm in height．This is the only subspecies inhabiting freshwater．Statistical analysis also demonstrates that：among the three populations in the Chinese waters,individuals from the Yellow Sea population have the longest snout，while those from the Soutti China Sea have the shortest；Individuals from the Yangtze population have the thickest blubber，while those from the South China Se a have the thinnest；The girth of the individuals from the Yangtze population is relatively larger than that from the other two populations.The barrier between N.p.phocaenoides and N ．P．sunameri may be attributed mainly to the water temperature in different areas.That between N .P.asiaeorienalis and the coastal population may be mainly attributed to the salinity of the river and sea waters．

Select

THE PRESENT STATUS，DISTRIBUTION AND C0NSERVATION MEASURE 0F THE BLACK BEAR IN HANZH0NG PREFECTURE，SHAANXI PR0VINCE

ZHENG Shengwu，YU Yuqun，ZUO Hua，CA0 Yonghan，YUAN Wei，FU Wenkai

1995, 15(2):  93-97. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (147KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

We carried out detailed investigation on the number and distribution of the black beart 1991-1993 in Hanzhong prefecture,Shaanxi province.The results showed that
it is distributed over 10 counties 166 districts where forest grows well，and the population is very sparse,Relation between number of black bear and forest area is closely re1ated,its correlation coefficient is 0.8917．
The habitat of black bear is divided from landforms into three types,i.e.(1)High mountains of Qinling:forest area 5 576.26 km ,average altitude of more l 000 m ，there
are 212 bears and the density is 0.0389 indi./km ;(2)High mountains of Bashan:forest area 3 274.91 km ,average altitude of 1 500-2 000 m ,there are 65 bears and the density is 0.019 8 indi./km ;(3)Low mountains of Qinling and Bashan:forest area 5 944.02km ,average altitude of less 1 000 m ,there are 35 bears，and the density is 0.005 2 indi./km．
Extinction of bears from 50.35% of their historic range is occurred in Hanzhong prefecture,because of population growth rapidly in the range,the human economic activities influenced distribution range of black bear.The activities of human are severelv impacting black bear habitat.Major human actions influencing bear habitat include timber harvest and human occupancy and cultivation in the habitation of bear．Direct human impacts on bear include killing of bears for protection of crops，unregimented hunting．Particularly forest is severely destroyed,its area is reduced year by year．
The idea for recovery of bear resources and suggestion for future management and conservation are described in paper．

Select

ENERGY METAB0LISM AND BEHAVIOR OF MUSK DEER DURING PREGNACY AND LACTATION

LIN Zhong， XU Hongfa， SHENG Helin

1995, 15(2):  98-105. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (260KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Energy metabolism and behavior of musk deer during pregnancy and lactation wasstudied．The results showed：Average dry matter intake of prenancy female was 31·39± 8．31g／Kg^0.75 Per day，43．12% more than unfertilized female；Average total energyintake of pregnancy female was 556．51± 146．79KJ／Kg^0.75Perday，50．8% more thanunfertilze one． During the lactation period．average dry matter intake was 69．22± 10．09g／Kg ^0.75 for female with twins and 57．56± 9．08g／Kg^0.75 for female with single baby．Average total energy intake of lactation female(twins)was 1265．65 ± 181．92 KJ／Kg^0.75and 1052．73± 1 64．83KJ／Kg^0.75 for single baby a female，about 2. 27 (twins)and1．89 (single baby)time greater than pregnant female． According to the observation ofbehavior，musk deer spent more time on resting (1ying，sitting), in order to save theenegryduring reproductive period．
They also spent m ore tim e on feeding，especially in the lactation period．These results provide database for making ration of breeding in reproductive period．

Select

THE HORM ONE CHANGE IN THE URINE OF FEMALE SNUB-NOSED MONKEYS

QI Hanjun，LIANG Bing，BAO Wenyong，JIA Yuchun，Naphuka Hama，Nancy M ．Czekala， Nancy C．Harvey

1995, 15(2):  106-112. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (173KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

The relationship between the Content of estrogen and the activity of luteinizing hormone(LH )and chorionic gonadotropin(CG)was presented in two pregnant and two nonpregnant snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxeltanae) tested with human estrogen and LH/CG diagnostic reagents in ragular time．The results demonstrated the two reagents used in human had a certain cross-reaction in snub-nosed monkeys，and they basically represented the follicle forming,ovulating and luteinizing time in these monkeys．The estrogen peak range was in 29ug/ml to 532.5ml．Several days later after the hormone peak，menses appeared and lasted one to four days．The interval between peaks is 20-30 days.Estrogen increased in a month after pregnant and was a double or more higher than the normal.It disappeared with LH/CG half a month before parturition in their urine，and reappeared after parturition．The LH/CG peak is 2500IU/750IU/ml. LH/CG increased in early pregnancy,and was a double or more than nomal，but decreased in a month．Similar with estrogen,they disappeared half a month before parturition，and reappeared after that.

Select

STUDIES 0N THE VARIATION 0F TEETH IN RHESUS M0NKEYS

YAO Jianchu, SHAO Mengming, PAN Ruliang, PENG Yanzhang

1995, 15(2):  113-117. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (129KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

This article is the conclusion of the comparative study of teeth in 130 craniums(skutls)of 7 kinds of rhesus macaque subspecies．In 22 terms variables，12 terms display
obvious bisexual type．The unvariate analysis among the other ten terms，show that except LM ₂M DL ,other variables among 7 subspecies possess obvious diversities The discriminant analysis shows that though 6 terms of all variables have remarkable contributions to the subspecies differentiating，the general discriminant ratio is only 32.56% between each subspecies，which illustrates that the variation of tooth shape in various rhesusmacaque subspecies was small.
In the star-symbol picture formed by 6 terms of variables，considerable differences of tooth pattern are shown between M acaca mutatta (India) and various Chinese subspecies．
The structure tooth in rhesus macaque show ladder-shaped changes in different latitudes，but the diversity of teeth of among various subspecies lies mainly in their size and shape． and relates to the individual size in various subspecies．

Select

OBSERVATIONS 0N RENAL SEGMENTS AND SEGMENTAL ARTERIES 0F RHESUS M0NKEY (MACACA MULATTA)

CHEN Jiaji

1995, 15(2):  118-121. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (108KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

By means of observation of the cast of renal artery in rhesus monkey,it was found that the renal artery divides into a anterior trunk and a posterior trunk at the hilus．The anterior trunk gives off the superior segmental artery,the superoanterior segmental artery,inferoanterior segmental artery and inferior segmental artery；the posterior trunk branches give off the superoposterior segmental artery artery and inferoposterior segmental artery．Correspondingly there are six renal segm ents,i.e superior segment,superior segment inferoanterior segment inferior segment,superoposterior segment and inferoposterior segment．

Select

STUDIES 0N BREEDING B10L0GY 0F THE CAPE HARE (LEPUS CAPEⅣSIS)

LU Xin

1995, 15(2):  122-127. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (172KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

This paper analyzed breeding data of the cape hares (Lepus capensis) shot in a
mountain area (35°40′ N，112°20 ′E)in the northern China from January to October of1991 and other areas (35°20 -40°00′ N ，110°10 ′-113°10′ E) during hunting seasons(October to January of the next year)of 1990 to 1993．The females began to breed inJanuary，after about one month the males entered sex activity．and ended in September．The gonads size showed obvious seasonal changes，the peak values occurring inMarch and April．The time at which sexual maturity was attained by young hares wasdefined as about 3— 4 months，but only 51.7 %of hares participated in reproductionduring July to August-Pregnant rate varied seasonally，with the higher values in theearly period of breeding season．The litter size based on visible em bryos ranged form 1 to7，the highest being in May．and annual mean was 3.6．The annual production ofyoung per female was estimated to be 12.9．Compared with other species of the genus Lepus，the hares in the study area had higher reproductive intensity．which was considered to have relation to the rise of population amount in the years during which the study was carried out．

Select

STUDY ON THE FAUNA AND THE ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION OF MAMMALS IN NINGXIA

ZHANG Xianli, YU Youzhi

1995, 15(2):  128-136. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (238KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

There are 75 species of mammals in Ningxia H ui Autonomous Region，belonging to 6 orders．19 families and 52 genera(Table 1)．In the mammalian fauna，palaearctic elements contain 49 species，accounting for 65.33% of the total number of 75；oriental region ones are found to have 7 species，accountong for 9.33% ；the remaining 19 species make up 25.33% ，which are widely distributed．Glires are dominant in the fauna，inculding 38 species of rodents and hares，accounting for 50.67% ．Among the other 37 species of mammals，23 are rare ones，and they are being protected by the People s Governm ent. Ningxia，covering 3 subregions of 2 zoogeographical regions，can be divided into 3 zoogeographical provinces，each of them having 2 zoogeographical prefectures(Table 1，Fig.1)．
I. South Ningxia Loess Plateau Province．There are 48 species in the area，making up 64.oo% of the total number．This area belongs to Loess Plateau Subregion of North China Region， so the faunistic elements are primarily of North China Region．
Ⅰ_A. Liupanshan Mountain Prefecture．There live 35 species,of which 11 species are found in this area only．
I B. South Ningxia Loess Hill Prefecture．It has 35 species，5 of them found to Occur there only．
Ⅱ．M iddle and North Ningxia Semi-desert Hill-Plain Province．There are 40 species of mammals，accounting for 53.33% ．Although the area belongs to Eastern Steppe Subregion of Neimenggu-Xinjiang Region,the faunistic elements are complex and present the characteristics of transition from North China Region to Neimenggu-Xinjiang Region．
Ⅱ_A. M iddle Ningxia Semi-desert Hill-Prefecture.Thereare4 species of mam-males,and 4 of them can be found in this areaonly.Elements of Neimenggu-XinjiangRegion are superior in number，but not in species． Ⅱ_B．Yinchuan Plain Prefecture．There live 32 species of mammals,of which 5
species occur in the prefecture only．Specise of Neimenggu-Xinjiang Regionare littlemore than those of North China Region．
Ⅲ.othwest Ningxia Desert Province．There are 34 species of mammals，m aking45.33%.It is a part of Wsetern Desert Subregion which belongs to Neimenggu-xin-jingRegion，but elements of North China Region are superior in species．Oriental regionspecies of mam mals can not be found there．　　　　　　 Ⅲ_{A .}Helanshan Mountain Prefecture．There live 33 species of mammals．and 8 ofthem occur in the mountainous district only．It is a peculiarity in Western Desert Subregion that the species of North China Region are more than of Neiminggu-Xinjinag Region．
Ⅲ _B.Tenggeli Sandy Desert Prefecture．There are 17 species of mam mals．but onlyone of them can not be found in other prefecture．Elements of Neimenggu-Xinjiang Regionare superior in both specise and number．
Indexes of faunistic resemblance between the 3 zoogeographicaI provinces areworked out by the formula S= 2c／(a+b)：S_Ⅰ-Ⅱ = 0．50，S_Ⅰ-Ⅱ= 0.46，S_Ⅰ-Ⅱ =0．43.Those between the 6 zoogeographical prefectures are also compared (Table 2)．
The authors suggest that dividing zoogeographical province should break down boundaries between administrative provinces or autonomous regions．

Select

GLANS PENIS HISTOLOGY OF THE CLAWED JIRD (MERIONES UNGUICULATUS) AND THE SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES ON THE GLANS OF FIVE SPECIES RODENTS

CAO Zhuo, LIU Shaoying, YANG Anfeng

1995, 15(2):  137-140. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (118KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

In this paper,through successive sections of glans penis in different age groups of the Meriones unguiculatus,we observed the various bony and soft structures of the glans under dissecting microscope,such as，outer crater．inner crater．urethral lappet，proximal bacula process，distal baeular process,lateral bacular process,blood sinus and epidermal spines,meanwhile,their origin and relationship were discussed .We considered that the proximal bacular process and outer crater were the derivatives of corpus
cavernosum penis，and the inner crater, urethral lappet,distal bacular process and lateral bacular process wereall the deri vatives of corpus cavernosum urethra. The epidermal spines of the glans might havetactile function and increasing the stimulation during copulation.
Through the observation of the epidermal spines of glans penis in five species, i．e Merones unguiclatus,M.meridianus，Rhomtmmys opimus．Eothenomys eva and E .melanogaster under scanning electron microscope, it revealed that there are distinct intergeneric and interspecific diferences, so we considered the physical characters and measurements of the epidermal spine may havesome taxonomic significartce．

Select

NUMERICAL TAX0N0MIC STUDIES 0N HAMSTER FAMILY (CRICETIDEA) DISTRIBUTED IN INNER M0NG0LIA REGION

BAO Weidong，HOU Xixian，DONG Weihui

1995, 15(2):  141-148. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (221KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Twenty-eight species of hamster family (Cricetidae)in Inner M ongolia region were taken as OTUs.The total character number was 46，includlng 26 items of two states character，7 items of unordinal multistate character，and 1 3 items of quantitative character．Based on 4 strategies of hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis(PCA )，numerical taxonomy of these sinail mammals was carried on．As one result of these analyses the musk rat (Ondatra zibethica)was divided from the meadow mouse subfamily (Microtinea)as a single subfamily．The classifications of the remained species were the samle as those of traditional classifications．
The result of the UPGM A clustering was the best in all clustering methods. The results of PCA in three-dimension ordination graph were consistent to those of clustering analyses．The PCA method also showed the characters distribution in three-dimension ordination graph.The initail 15 characters with more factor loading in first 19-dimension
principal components were gotten as main basis for classification to estahlish the keys for the studied animals．

Select

STUDIES 0N THE P0PULATION AGE STRUCTURE 0F MUSK SHREW

DING Ping，BAO Yixio，ZHUGE Yang

1995, 15(2):  149-154. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (160KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

The population age structure of the musk shrew had been studied in 1he reclaimed rural area of Xiaoshan，Zhejiang from Jan.1986 to Dec．1993．The population of the musk shrew could be divded into 5 age groups with the body weight index：I．JuVenile．male≤ 30g,female≤ 24g；II.Subadult,male>30g．≤ 40g，female> 24g,≤ 36g Ⅲ．Adult Ⅰ，male＞40g，≤ 52g，female> 36g，≤ 46g；IV．Adult Ⅱ．male> 52g，≤ 64g，1emale＞46g，≤ 54g；V．Senile，male> 64g，female＞54g．The breeding characters of the musk shrew were different in different age groups．The group adultⅠ was highest group on the composition in the population.However，there were the differences on the population age structure between male and female．The main groups were the adult I．Ⅱand senile in the male population and the Suhadult and adult I in the female population.The pattern of the seasonal variation on the population age structure was difference between the male and female and the house and field population．In house，the group adultⅠof the male musk shrew was the main group in spring and winter．and the group adult I of the female was the main group in the all seasons．In field，the main group was the adultⅠ in spring,autumn and winter and the adultⅡ in summer for the male, and the Subadult in spring and winter and the adultⅠ in summer and autumn for the female．The annual variations in population age structure of the musk shrew was also discussed in this paper．

Select

SNOW LAND FEATURE OF ROE DEER AND THE APPLICATION IN P0PULATION INVESTIGATION

1995, 15(2):  155-156. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (65KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Select

THE 0PTIMAL BIOTOPE OF LARGE—TOOTHED RAD—BACKED VOLE AND THE ANALYSES 0F ITS MAIN FACTORS

1995, 15(2):  157-158. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (57KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics

Select

A PRELIMINARY INSPECTION ON THE ELK (ALCES ALCES) IN XINJIANG ALTAI MOUNTAIN

1995, 15(2):  159-159. 

Asbtract ( )   PDF (46KB) ( )  

Related Articles | Metrics