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07 July 2008, Volume 15 Issue 1

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EXAMINATION OF THE SEMEN QUALITY OF GIANT PANDA-STUDIES 0N THE ULTRASTRUCTURES OF THE SPERM AND NON-SPERM CELL COMPONENTS IN SEMEN

CHEN Dayuan, DUAN Chongwen, SONG Xiangfen, ZHAO Xuekun, ZHANG Fuxiang, YE Zhiyong, ZHANG Anju, HE Guangxin , LI Shaochang, LI Guanghan, FENG Wenhe

1995, 15(1):  1-3. 

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In this study,morphology of sperm and non-sperm cells in semen of giant panda were investigated by transmission electron microscopy．It was showed that certain number of exfoliated spermatids.spermatocytes,malformed spermatozoa as well as macrophages with one or two nucleus and debris of degenerated spermatids were seen in the semen．The results suggested that the gonad of the male giant panda examined is of a non-mature and it may also be accompanied by some phenomena of physiologica1．and pathological abnormal .So the semen like this kind can not be used for insemination．

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THE DISTRIBUTION 0F END0CRINE CELLS IN THE GUT MUC0SA 0F THE GIANT PANDA

YANG Guibo, CHEN Maosheng, DENG Zepei, WANG Ping

1995, 15(1):  4-10. 

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Endocrine cells containing 5-hydroxytryptamine,somatostetln, gastrin, cholecystokinin , neurotensin, motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, glucagon，vasoactive intestinal peptide,and endorphin in the mucosa of the fundus,pylorusduodenum,jejunum,ileum，colon，and rectum of 3 giant pandas were studied by PAP method to gain an insight into the adaptive characteristics for the special feeding habit．The former 8 kinds of endocrine cells were detected in the mucose of the 75 day-old and7 year-old giant pandas．Quantitative analyses of inter-and intra-segmental differences in the frequency of occurrence of each kind of the endocrine cells in the stomach and small intestine 0f the 7 year-old individual showed that:5-HT immunoreaetive cells occur most frequently in the jejunum, which has not been observed in the other mammals. Cholecystokinin、gastrin、somatostatin immunoreaetive cells occur most frequently in the pyloric antrum,while motilin immunoreactive cells occur most frequently in the duodenum , gastric inhibitory peptide、neurotensin、glucagon immunoreaetive cells occur most frequently in the ileum ．Endocrine cells distribute principally in the lower two-thirds of the fundic gland，near the neck portion of the pyloric gland,and in the crypts of Lieber-kuhn's gland with the exception of 57% of neurotensin immunoreactive cells distribute in the mucosa of the villus. These results indicate specific patterns of distribution of the endocrine cells in the mucosa of the giant panda, which might be related both to their specific feeding habit and their taxonomicposition.

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POPULATION SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION OF MOOSE IN CHINA

PIAO Renzhu, GUAN Guosheng, ZHANG Minghai

1995, 15(1):  11-16. 

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Using the 3 orders sampling method，the authors selected 16 sampling sites and
replaced 202 sampling lines which were 2 476．6km in length，and 309 trail lines of moose(Alces alces)were counted in Da and Xiao Xinganling Mountains of Northeastern China,during the winter of 1985-1987．From these data，the geographical distribution and population size were determined as follows:the total area of moose habitat is about 1 90000km² ，the average density is 0．0519 individuals／km² and the population size is 9 955+397 individuals． In the meantime，annual descending rate was 6．3 %． Now the moose population in China is greatly need to protect．Lastly,the reasons of causing the moose population to reduce，as well advantage and shortcoming of the investigation method were discussed.

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INV0LVEMENT 0F THYR0ID FUNCTION IN REGULAT10N 0F SEAS0NAL CHANGES 0F LIVE WEIGHT AND REPR0DUCT10N IN RED DEER STAGS

SHI Zhendan, G.K.Barrell

1995, 15(1):  17-24. 

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This study investigated the role of thyroid function in the regulation of Seasonal
changes of live weight and reproductive activities in red deer ataga． Experiment 1
observed the effects of thyroidectomy(THX)in 3 THX stags from January 1988 to June 1989，with 5 intact stags as controls．M ean plasma concentration of T₃ in co ntrol stags exhibited a seasonal pattern with high levels during spring to early autumn and low levels in autumn and winter．From October 1988 (spring)．control stags exhibited a marked reduction in testicular diameter， accompanied by a decrease of plasma testosterone to undeteetable levels．whereas none of the THX stags expressed these changes． After reaching the nadir in November 1988， testicular diameter of control stags increased abruptly and reached the peak in M arch 1989 (autumn)，which was significantly higher than the peak of THX stags occurring in January 1989． The substantial gain of live weight during December 1988 to March 1989 (summer to autumn)in control stags did not occur in THX stags and these animals had lower (p<0.05)live weight than controls from February 1989．Experiment 2 observed the effects of supplementing T₄ to 4 THX stags from September 1990 on changes in live weight and teaticular activities， with another 4 THX stags as controls． T₄ treated THX stags initially lost weight，but gained more weight during the growing period of spring and summer than control THX stags(p< 0.05)．T₄ treated stags reduced testieular diameter in October and November 1990 (spring and summer) with plasma testosterone concentrations undetectable，but increased thereafter and reached the peak in February 1991 accompanied by a sharp rise of plasma testosterone concentrations． Testicular
diameter of control THX stags had little change in the course of experiment，and these animals maintained high levels of plasma testosterone in spring and summer．Results of this study demonstrate that THX prevented the seasonal changes in live weight and reproductive activities which occur in spring and early summer，and these effects are overcome by treatment with T₄. This indicates that thyroid function is involved in regulation of seasonal changes of live weight and reproduction in red deer stags．

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WINTER BEDDING SITE SELECTION OF USSURIAN WILD PIG IN THE LESSER KHING-AN MOUNTAINS

GAO Zh0ngxin， ZHANG Minghai， HU Ruibin

1995, 15(1):  25-30. 

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we studied winter bedding site selection of ussurian wild pig in the lesser Khing-an Mountains during 1985- 1987 .On the basis of analysis of field data using the Cluster Analysis,the results showed that the ultimate factors which exerted notable influence on winter bedding she selection of wild pig were human disturbance,sheltering class and slope aspect；the proximate factors were vegetation type，food abundance and slope degree；the random factors were elevation and slope position. The optimal winter bedding site of ussorian wild pig were as follows：deciduous stand or meadow-stream bottom ；excellent or fair food abundance sunny slope; sheltering class≥ 0.5;distance from human disturbance> 1 000m ；distance fram water source≤ 1 000m．

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STUDIES 0N THE P0PULATION EC0L0GY 0F TIBETAN MONKEYS (MACACA THIBETANA) Ⅲ．AGE STRUCTURE AND LIFE TABLE 0F TIBETAN M0NKEYS

LI Jinhua, WANG Qisha, LI Ming

1995, 15(1):  31-35. 

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This paper presents the age structure of Tibetan monkeys (Macaca thibetana)and life table of females．The population of Tibetan monkeys was divided into six age classes：infant，juvenile，adolescent，young adult，middle-aged and old (see Table 1) according to fur color，body size and behaviour of indivlduals．Static lite table of female truely reflects a condition for existance in wild Tibetan monkeys．Instantaneous rate was positive，which indicated that the population of Tibetan monkeys will be developed if the present habitat complex is well protected．

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STUDIES ON THE FOOD RESOURCE NICHES OF PLATEAU PIKA AND DAURIAN PIKA

FAN Naichang, JING Zengchun, ZHANG Daoehuan

1995, 15(1):  36-40. 

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The sympatric coexistence of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae)and daurian pika (O.daurica) was found by researchers，at Niannuosoma area of Gangcha county．Qinghai province (is located 37^。10' N．99^。40'E)．
This paper presented the relationship between the niches of two spesies of the pika in common habitat，from utilization of food resources．The experiment showed the niche breadth is 0.4744 for plateau pika and 0.4964 for daurian pika，respectively (PS measurement)，in the niche dimension of the food resources．The niche overlap was the largest(0.8091，FT measurement)in the niche dimension of food resources utilization spectrum between plateau pika and daurian pika．It was provable that he interference competition had been more intensity between two species of the pikas．

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FIELD EXPERIM ENTAL STUDIES ON THE MULTIFACToRIAL HYPOTHESIS OF POPULATION SYSTEM REGULATION FOR SMALL RODENTS THE EFFECT PATTERN OF FOOD AVAⅡABILITY AND PREDATION ON SPACING BEHAVIOUR OF ROOT VOLES AND THE FUNCTION OF SPACING BEHAVIOUR IN POPULATION RE

NIE Haiyan, LIU Jike, SU Jianping

1995, 15(1):  41-52. 

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The effect pattern of food and predation on spacing behaviour of root voles(Microtus oeconomus)reported in this paper is one part of the multifactorial hypothesis of population regulation for small rodents．The two specific hypotheses tested are:1)greater availability of high quality food reduces aggression and movement of root voles;and 2) exposure to predators reduces movement of root voles．
The results showed that food availability could act directly or indirectly on spacing behaviour of root voles．Mean densities increased and mean home range size decreased in populations with supplemental food.Food acted indirectly on home range size via the effect of food on population density. Compared with other treatments,voles with supplemental food were less aggressive toward one another and showed fewer long movements between trapping sessions．Exposure to predation did not affact aggression among voles，but it appeared to reduce long movements between trapping sessions．This reduced long movement was probably a direct behavioural response of voles to the presence of predators．We conclude that factors extrinsic to the vole populations can influence behaviour directly or indirectly．Such interactions should be consideredcarefully when explaining the population dynamics of voles．

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VARIATIONS IN DIGESTIVE TRACT MORPHOLOGY IN ROOT VOLE (MICROTUS OECONOMUS)AND ITS ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE

WANG Dehua，WANG Zuwang，SUN Ruyong

1995, 15(1):  53-59. 

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The animal gut morphology is closed related to foo habit,food quality and energy need．The seasonal changes in length and weight of total and separate organs of digestive tract in root vole (Microtus oeconomus)，which lived in Qinghai-Tihetan plateau，was determined．It was showed that the length，weight of with content,empty and dry tissues of total and every organs (stomach，small intestine,large intestine and caecum )of root vole gut had significant seasonal variations．Each index was the lowest in exeuheranee period，which is moderate to vole，while in green up and／or whithering period，which the fiber content is high in food and-temperature is low ，all indexes were higher．The responsive magnitude of each organ was different and the small intestine responded strongly to the seasonal acclimatization．This suggested that the adjustment in morphology and capacity of digestive tract is important in animals digestive strategies．Diferent organs showed diferent responses to different stress，similarly，different pressure have a different effeet to the digestive tract．0ur results indicated that root vole have the ability physiologically to adapt the high-fiber food and lowtemperature environment in their natural habitats．

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THE POPULATION FLUCTUATION CHARACTERISTICS AND RELATIONS TO ENVIR0NMENTAL FACTORS lN MUS CAR0LI

WU Delin， FENG Yong， DOU Qinehuan， ZHANG Liangzuo

1995, 15(1):  60-64. 

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This paper deals with the population fluctuation characteristics and relations to environmental factors in Mus caroli，an important rodent pest of crops．Trapping was
monthly conducted in cultivated land in Tonghai County，Yunnan Province from January of 1990 to Septembet of 1993．A tatol of 15 811 trap-days．captured 1 027 rodents，in which Mus caroli accounted for 76.14% ．
Significant differences of average of monthly popultation numbers between different years were found．The population fluctuation usually peaked twice a year，i．e．during May to June and in November．The density fluctuation seems to be related to developmental stages of crops and also reproductive activities of animals．
The population numbers in May related closely tothe average of monthly mean temperature during February to March and to the population numbers in January．Two linear and one multiple linear regressions were run of estimated the population numbers in May of the year.

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ANALYSIS 0N METALL0THIONEIN C0NTENT 0F 0RGANS AND TISSUES OF HEDGEH0G UNDER THE C0NDIT10N 0F METAL INDUCEMENT

LI Lingyuan， MA Honghao，LU Yinghun，RU Binggen

1995, 15(1):  65-70. 

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Muscle injecting metal salts CdCL₂，CuSO₄ and ZnSO₄ into hedgehog bodies,the comparative resistance to metals for hedgehogs were Zn²⁺ > Cd²⁺ > CU ²⁺，and the serious toxicity of metals on hedgehogs appeared when the injecting amount reached Zn²⁺ ·8Omg,Cd²⁺ 4O mg Or Cu²⁺ ·2O mg／body·kg．According to metal-hemoglobin saturation (AgCd,Cu)assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,Cd ²⁺．Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ all had obvious，effect of inducing the synthesis of MT，and the inducing potency by metals was Cd²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Cu²⁺ ．In the three kinds of inducing conditions，the comparative MT concentrations in different organ tissues of hedgehog were the same order as liver>kidney> testis> spleen> heart，lung，stomach，bladder，bile，intestine，muscle，and blood．In Cd²⁺ inducing condition，the MT content in liver was 1.84mg／g．wet tissue,about two times as in kidney，three times as in testis，five times aS in spleen，and 7-15 times as in other organs．The potent order of hedgehog MT binding with metals were Ag²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Cd²⁺> Zn²⁺．

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ANALYSIS ON CHROMOSOMES AG-NORS OF CITELLUS DAURICUS

1995, 15(1):  71-72. 

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STUDY ON THE RELATIVE FATNESS OF THE STRIPED FIELD MOUSE (APODEMUS AGRAIUS)

Yang zaihua

1995, 15(1):  73-74. 

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THE BREED1NG FEATURE 0F MER1ONEs MERIDIANUS UNDER THE ARTIF1CIAL CONDIT10NS

1995, 15(1):  75-76. 

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