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20 February 1992, Volume 12 Issue 1

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ALLOMETRY OF THE MANDIBLES IN Rhinopithecus bieti，Macaca mulatta and Macaca thibetana

YANG Guibo， PENG Yanzhang， YE Zhizhang， WANG Hong， PAN Ruliang

1992, 12(1):  1-6. 

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A detailed comparison of the mandible allometry in Rhinopithecus bieti，adult and juvenile Maeaca thibetana and Macaca mulatta lasiota is presented in this paper．After analyzing 33 variables of the mandibles including 10 specimens for each group afore-mentjoned，we find that there exist differences in growth patterns between the left and the right-side of the mandible, between any two variables and between any two groups. It indicates that although there may be morphological similarities because of convergence，the growth patterns may be different because of the differences in diet，feeding behaviour，phylogenetic and ontogenetic processes of these animals.

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TIME BUDGETS OF PRESBYTIS LEUCOCEPHALUS

LI Zhaoyuan

1992, 12(1):  7-13. 

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By studying on the time budgets of white-headed langur，presbytis leucocephalus，the interior and envionmental factors which caused the time budgets of the population were discussed．This factors changes the time budgets of the population might largely influence the energy requirment of the population and theanimal of each age-sex classes. The result of analysis showed that the time budgets reflected the comprehensive effects of the factors on the population．The difference of time budgets of northern and southern populations of white-headed langur in southwestern of Guangxi Province is due to the different of the geographical area and the protective conditions of vegetation According to the behavioral factors observed, movement correlated most significantly to rest. The structure of the group caused the differences of the time budgets in the agesex classes．

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THE RELATI0NSHIP BETW EEN THE SEAS0NAL CHANGE of TESTIS WIDTH AND SERUM TESTOSTER0NE LEVEL AND ITS SOM E REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTIC IN M ALE RACC00N DOG

XIAO Yongjun，TONG Yuren，SHONG Jianhua，WANG Guosen，MEN Taoyan

1992, 12(1):  14-18. 

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Fourty-three male raccoon dogs were elected by author．The seasonal change of testis width and serum testosterone level were determined from 1987 to 1988． The results showed that testis width and serum．testosterone level presented marked seasonal variation (P< 0.01)．Tesfis width started to increase evidently at Autumnal equinox (P< 0.05)．Serum testosterone level began to rise evidently in October (P<0.05)．The monthly average serum testosterone level and the average testis width showed marked positive correlation (r=0.83 , P< 0.01，n=11)．The serum testosterone level in brooding season ana the date of first and last mating of males showed noticeable negative correlation (r= -0.525 and r= -0.476 respectively，P< 0.05，n=19)．

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THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT CYCLE ON THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF CROCIDURA LASIURA UNDER THE ARTIFICIAL CONDITION

WU Hunqian， ZHU Longbiao

1992, 12(1):  19-24. 

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Crocidura lasiura is nocturnal mamma1．Its activity frequency at night (19：O0—6：00)occupy 88．67 of total frequencies of day and night，and those of day (6 :00—19：00)only11.33%. The activity at whole nlght has two peaks，the flrst and second of peak is in 19:00-24:00and 2:00 -5:00 respectively．
It activity index at night is 6．31，but there is difference in each seasons，spring is 5．94，summer is 4．01，autumn is 6．56 and winter is 8，71， it is highere than other shrews． The daily activity frequency of male are higher than those of female．The activity index at night of male is also higher than those of female． When the Ii ght cycle rovers at the artificial condition， the circadian rhythm is most confusion in early days，the daiiy activity time stable come to light cycle of natural after the seventh day．

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COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE CEREBRAL C0RTEX STRUCTURE AND THE BLOOD GASEOUS DEIERMINATION OF MARMOTA HIMALAYANA

CHEN Qinming, YE Yucong, XIA Yinming

1992, 12(1):  25-30. 

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This paper reports 24 unhibernation Marmota himatayan which were reared in temprature 5-20℃ room of altitude 3300m．The authors divide it into three age groups (juvenile，adult，old)．Some physiologieal parameters，the blood gaseous analysis，the variation of neurons and spine apparatus as well as the ultastructure of the cerebral cortex were determined respecively．The results are as follows：
1．The comprison between the adult and juvenile presented the decrease of BrW／BW ，but haemoglobin，haematocrit,O₂ utilized rate were increase in the adult (see table 1, 3)．
2．The comparison between the old and adult presented also the decrease of BrW/ BW and O₂ utilized rate，but Hb，Hct were still increase in the old (see table 1, 3)．
A significant neuronal loss in cerebral cortex were observed and the mean values of the pyramidal ceils and the spine apparatus were 16.08±2.9/200um² and 9.14±1.54 in the old．Compared the old to the adult，the decrease of the pyramidal cells and the spine apparatus in the old were 29.8 %(P< 0.01) and 33.8 %(P< 0.01)．The decrease of rough surface emloplasmic reticulum，free ribosome，synape vesicles，and the increase of the lipofuscin in pyramidal cells in the old were observed too．

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PHALLIC M0RPHOLOGY 0F EIGHT SPECIES IN GERBILLINAE AND MICROTINAE FROM CHINA

YANG Anfeng, LIU Shaoyin, FANG Lixiang

1992, 12(1):  31-38. 

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In this study，eight species belonging to four genera of the subfamily Gerbillinae and Microtinae，and a total number of 32 penises were prepared and examined .The methods used to clear．stain and preserve the penises in this study were identical to
YANG and FANG (1988)，which were similar to those of Hooper (1958)and Lidinker;(1960)．Results were given as follows：
1．Characteristic features of the Meriones：1) Do rim papilla of the outer crater; 2) the single cone of the dorsal papilla which is hidden by the distal baeulum ; 3) the urethral process is bilobed with very shallow groove，and each side carries two to four conules; 4) the proximal baculum shaft is ossified while the other segments are not; 5) two blood sinuses are tremendously elongated．
2． The two species，M．unguicutatus and M．meridianus are relatively similar．They differ mainly in two points：1) there are no pointed spines on the exterior surface of M.meridianus，but instead is raised into closely spaced rounded hillock，whereas M ．
unguiculatus has epidermal spines，2)the dorsal papilla in M．meridianus is embedded in a collar. while unguieatus does not．
3． MIcortus brandti: 1)presence of single cone dorsal papilla ; 2)the urethral lappet is trilobed with rather low medial lobe, 3) the proximal and distal segments are ossified while the lateral bacular are cartilaginous; 4)absence of blood sinus． 4. The main features of the Eothetzomys penis：1) the dorsal lobe bears no papilla，but each ventrolateral sector of the outer rim carries 4-7 papillae; 2) the dorsal papilla has two conules；3) the four segments of the baculum are all ossified．the distal segments carries a small keel medioproximally：4) the blood sinus are relatively small extending just or less to the distal end of the proximal baeulum．
5． E．eleusis and E．miletus arc relatively similar in phallic morphology and stand apart from the other two species．


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PRODUCTIVITY INVESTIGATION OF THE R00T VOILE(MICROTUS OECONOMUS)POPULATION IN THE HAIBEI ALPINE BUSHLAND (POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA) Ⅱ．POPULATION PRODUCTION

WEI ShaNwu， WANG Zuwang， JIANG Yongjin， ZHENG Shengwu, SUN Ruyong

1992, 12(1):  39-48. 

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The productivity of the root vole (Microtus 0economus) population in the Haibei a1pine meadow ecosystem of Qinghai was studied．The catch-mark-releas(CMR) method was used in field works for three years (1980- 1982)，the net production of the root vole population was estimated with individual turnover rate, reproductive growth production (Pr+Pg)and growth survival Curve on two plots． The article emphatically analyses dynamics of the population production during three years and some important ecological efficiencies are shown：there wasno much difference in the productions that were obrained by the three methods．but there were great annual variations; the production was proportional to individual-days．average density and humor of newborns，the value Pg/P related with the mean longevity and population density，about 81% of the total was made by the nontrappable animals(nestlings and suckings)，the reproductive production (Pr) was low during May，high during June，and dropped during July．

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DENSITY FACTOR IN THE REGULATION OF BRANDT'S VOLE POPULATION

ZHOU Qingqiang， ZHONG Wenqin， WANG Guanghe

1992, 12(1):  49-56. 

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Observations on reproductive intensity，duration of breeding season，rate of maturation and age structure were made in both high-density and low-density populations of Brandt's vole (Microtus brandti)．Samples were collected simultaneously in the two populations in Taibus Banner，Inner Mongolia,1987. The results showed that population density as a factor affecting the population characteristics and regulating the popution dynamics of Brandt's vole.
In the high-density population，the reproductive intensity was suppressed．In July, percentage of pregnant females (77.27% )，males with descendant testes(33.33%)，males with enlarged seminal vesicles (22.22% ) and testis Iength(8.52mm)in the high-density population were less than those in the low-density population (88.06% ，49.23%，38.46%and 11.49mm respectively)．Breeding season ended earlier in the high-density population than that in the low-density population．In the high-density population，percentage of pregnant females was only 3.45%and percentage of males with enlarged seminal veslcles was1.41% in August while they were 13.79 %and 5.41%，respectively，in the low -density population．It showed that duration of breeding season in high density population was shorter than that in the low-density population．
Sexual maturation of the youngs was suppressed in the high-density population．In July，percentage of pregnant females in age classⅡ of the low-density population (94.74%) was higher than that in the high-density population (60.00% )．And 71.43% of females in age classI wsre pregnant in the low-density population while there was
noany pregnant femals in the same age class of the high-density population．
There was difference in age structure between the two populations． In August,only 8.86% of population were of age class I and 26.58％ of that were of class II in high-density population whill in low-density population they were 17.42％ and 12.88%, respectively.Therefore the population of the youngs in the high-density Populauion was less than that in the low-density population．
There wasno significant difference in relative fatness between the two populations, It suggests that the two populatins share the same nutritional condition．So，the factor which causes suppression of reproduction in the high-density populatlon is social factor of high-density rather than shortge of food resources．The fatness in age class I of the high-density populatlon was less than that of the low-density population．It might due to social stress of high density resulted in worse parental care．

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FOOD HABITS OF BRANDT’S VOLE(Microtus brandti)

WANG Guiming， ZHOU Qingqiang， ZHONG Wenqin， WANG Guanghe

1992, 12(1):  57-64. 

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Brandt's vole is one of the major pest：rodents in typical steppe in Inner Mongolia，China．The stomach contents of the voles were analyzed to determ ine the natural diets by the method of microhistological identification in April and July of 1989．The Sampling site is located at Hexiten Banner．Inner Mongolia (43°24' N．116°46' E)．
In spring．the major plant species(more than 1% of the vole diet) consumed by the voles included Aneurotepidium chinense, Stipa krylovii，Agropyron cristatum，Carex duriuscula．Potentilla acoulis，Artemfsia frigida，and lxeris ehinensis．0f these，Aneu-rolepidtum chinense constituted 55.40% of the vole diet，and Agropyron cristatum did 27.62% ．Aneurolepidium chinense was the vole's favourite food in spring．In summer，the major food plants of the voles consisted of Aneurolepidium chinense，Melissitus ruthenica。Heteropappus altaleus，Artemisia,frigida，Agropyron cristotum，Potentilla tanacetifolia，Cleistogenes squarrosa，Stipa krylovii，and Potentilla bilurca．Of these，Aneurolepidium ehinense constituted 40.34% of the vole diet，and M elissitus ruthemea did 28.95 %．The voles also ate favouritely aneurolepidium chinense in summer．In the period of plant growth，the voles mainly ate plant leaves．The voles utilized a small amount of plant roots (1.95% of the vole diet) only in spring．So the vote diets showed obvious seasonal changes．In addition，the voles ate 22 plant species in total in spring and summer．but the voles took 7-9 species of them as the major food，and specialized on 2-3 species (more than 70 of the diets)．The value of the similarity index between the diet eomposition and plant species composition of the vegetation was 0.3877 in summer．It could be concluded that there was a great difference between these compositions．The difference was caused by food selectivity of the voles．All of these indicated that the vole diets had obvious characteristics of preference．
The seasonal changes of the vole diets were the resronses to the changes of the food resources provided by the vegetation. The species diversi of the vegetation was lower in spring．the relative density of monocotyledons was 76.09% ，and there was a scant supply of food in the habitat，therefore，the bulk of the diets consisted of monocotylcdons (91.97% )，in the mean while the voles consumed a small amount of plant roots. With the increase of the proportion of the dicotyledons and species diversity in the vegetation from spring to summer，the voles ate about equal amount of dicotyledons and monocotyledons in summer． The voles preferred, the plants which contained more quantity of proteins and mineral elements．The major food plants of the voles contained plentiful silicon．It probably was relative to the continued abrasion and growth of molars in all Iives of the voles．The nutrient content of plants was one of the prlncipal factors influencing the food selection of the voles . The voles took optimal foraging strategy while they foraged their food. In summer, the major food of the voles consisted of two parts．productive food plants that could meet the minimum nutritional needs of the voles, and filler plants with higher frequencies in the vegetation that could shorten foraging time of the voles. The vole selected most of the plants whose frequencies were higher than 40 ．The plant frequency could influenced the food selection of the voles．


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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE HUMAN MIGRAT10N AND THE SMALL MAMMAL C0MMUNITY IN THE RECLAIMED AREA 0F QIANTANG RIVER

DING Ping, BAO Yixin, SHI Binsan, ZHUGE Yang

1992, 12(1):  65-70. 

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Work on the relationship between the human migration and the small mammal community has been carried out in the reclaimed area of Qiantang River in August of 1987 and 1989.This paper presented some of the results of this work. 1.There were suncus．Rattus norvegicus， Mus musculus and Crocidura dracula in different residential areas．suncus murinuswas the dominant population in domestic of the small mammal community．
2.The small mammal in domestic community in the reclaimed area can be divided into 5 community types．
3.The adaptability of the do mestic rodent was higher than that of the insectivora in seasonal human migration during the early reclaimed period, but the number of insectivora was more than that of rodent with the increasing of human and building．
4.There was no marked correlation between the population densities of the small mammals in domestic，but there was negative correlation between the population densities of the domestic redent and that of the insectivora．The relationship between the small mammal community in domestic and field has also been discussed in this paper．

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ALBINO PLATEAU PIKA AND ITS HAIRCOLOR HEREDITY

YE runrong, JIA jingxiao

1992, 12(1):  71-74. 

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An albino group of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) was bred in the latoratory of our institute．The hair-color heredity and biochemical canse of albino phenomenon of plateau pika were studied．The results mainly are as foliow ：
(1) The albino characteristics of the pika．white hair and red eyes,are controlled by recessive genes and can be inherited stcadily．
(2)The characteristics of wild-color pika,brown hair and black eyes，are controlled by dominant genes．
(3) The cause of albino phenomenon of platcau pika is due to the albino pika can not produce enough quantity of melanin．
(4) Genes which control albino characteristic of plateau pika are not distributed on the sexual chromosomes．
In this paper，the growth and development of albino pika are compared with those of wild-color plateau pika, There are no obvious differences in them ，but litter size of albino pika is less than wild-color pika.

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AGE INVESTIGATION OF RATTUS FLAVIPECTUS POPULATION IN WESTERN YUNNAN

1992, 12(1):  75-77. 

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MATURATION IN VITRO OF THE OVARIA OOCYTES OF THE MINK

1992, 12(1):  78-78. 

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ON THE DAILY ACTIVITY OF THE LAME OF ARGALI IN YANCHIWAN , GANSU PROVINCE

1992, 12(1):  79-79. 

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