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20 August 1989, Volume 9 Issue 3

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STUDY ON THE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND HABITUAL SPECIALITY OF YUNNAN G0LDEN MONKEY

MA Shilai， WANG Yingxiang， JIANG Xuelong， LI Jianxong，XIAN Rulun

1989, 9(3):  161-167. 

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Yuunan golden monkey，Rhinopithecus bieti，is one of the very rare endemic speciLs of China and the national 1st class protected animal.It is only limited in the hinterland of trans—Himalayan (25°30′-29°40′ N。98°40′-100°00′ E;elevation about 3,300— 4,lOOm .
This species was firstly named by Milne-Edwards (1879)。After that。it had not been studied in hundred years．Pen et al。(1962) reported again based on 8 skins purchased from Deqin． The authors (Ma and Wang) et al，in 1979 had observed a small group of Ynnnan golden monkey onthe west slope of Jiawusnow-mountain, and 4 specimens were collected by Ma and Li，that the golden monkey still exist China is confirmed。Their distribution and habit were also reported(Li et a1，1981)。This paper is m ain1 discussing the social behavior and habitual speciality of Yunnan golden monkey． and also replenishing for our original reported result (Li et a1., l981)。
According toour field shadowedsurvey in 1979 and the captive observation at Kuuming Zoo in 1988，and by the comparison ofsolne characteristics or1 habits and skeletons (Tables 1 and 2)，we draw the preliminary conclusions as follows：
Yunnan goIden monkey is belonging to the hylacolous primate of the climberIeaped type with a 1ittle swinging capacity， not semi-terrestrial animal (Yang，1984；Bai et a1.,1987)terrestrial type(Pen et a1.,1985, 1987)or semibrachiation category (Zhang et al.,1985;Ye.,1987) or all the more suited to the ground (Ye,1987).A series of bahavior actions of the monkey (including looking for food,having fun of each other．mating．noon break and night sleep etc。) are allon the tree.and seldom get down to the ground (Li et al.,1981)．In the captivity， they always like to stay on the high shelf．There is only 2.04％ (♂ 1.38,♀2.70 )on the ground in a day．Their social structure is a mixed-sex troops of multi—male and multi—fem ale，that is，the large-mixed—sex troops (Hladik,1975)or the multi-male mating system (Pen，1985;Bai et a1.,1987).The ratio of the sex in a social group is 1:2:3(7♂♂:16♀♀)}and of the adults and infants 1:1.3(10ad.:13inf.)． The social hierarchy of Yunnan golden monkey is belonging to triadic or cyclic．There are several or many families in a natural social group as Sichuan golden monkey R.roxellanae (Cheng et al.,1983),but the "families” are not inpendent mating units．The home range of a socia1 group in wider(about 20- 50km^2),among them seldom overlap ping each other.and often separated by high mountain or wider open ground
without forest.The breeding peaks occurs in spring and autumn．This monkey likes to loaf about so that they always have no permanental place for the night．Obvious seasonal vertica1 moving does not exist basedon the survey in winter (the authors，1979)and in summer (Mu 1982)．

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A SYSTEMATIC CLUSTER FOR THE CHINESE CAPE HARE LEPUS CAPENSIS

Qiu Yuhuang

1989, 9(3):  168-172. 

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According to the new cluster analysis a systematic c1uster for the Chinese cape hare，Lepus capensis has been presented in this parer (Fig.2).

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THE KARYOTYPE OF MARM0TA HIMALAYANA

WANG Maoqin, YIN Jingru, LI Fang, WANG Wenqing, YANG Shengxi

1989, 9(3):  173-175. 

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Marmota himalayana is one of the wild mammals，and widely spread on alpine meadow on Qinghai-Tibetan plateau.A1though there were some reports about its geographicdistribution，indoor raising，reproduction etc.it hasn't been reported to date about its chrom- osome study．By using the mothod of peripheral lymphocyte
culture the karyotype of the animal has been studied．The results are as follows
1．The diploid chromosome number of karyotype:2n= 38;
2．Autosomes: 24 metacentrics and submetacentrics,12 teloeentrics and subtelocentics;
3.Sex chromosomes,;X submetacentrie; Y telocentric．

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STRATEGIES FOR SURVIVAL IN ACOLD ALPINE ENVIRONMENT OF SAMLL MAMMALS I.SEASNAL VARIATIONS IN THE WEIGHT AND STRUCTURE OF BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE IN OCHOTONA CURZONIAE AND MICROTUS OECONOMUS

WANGdehua, WANG Zuwang

1989, 9(3):  176-185. 

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The variations of scapular (including interseapular and subscapular) brown adipose tissue(BAT) in weight and histology withseason and body weight were studied in plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae)androot vole(Microtus oeconomus)，at Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station at an altitude of about 32O0 meters at Menyuan，Qinghai Province，from May of 1987 to July，1988．Plateau pikas and root voles were caught each month and their relativeweight of BAT (mass of BAT as a percentage of
total BW^0.73)were caculated and some monthsample wereused to make sections for light and electron microscopic investigations.The main results areas follows:
1．The relative weight of BAT decreased with increasingbody weight in growing and developing period in both O.curzoniae and M.cocomus.It has a inversely relationship between BAT weight and body weight．
2．Seasonal changes in the relative weight of BAT were inversely related to seasonal changes in ambient temperature． The relative weight of BAT was lowest in June (0.9458% W^0.73) and increased rapidly to 3．6624% W^0.73 in January in O．curzoniae．Similarly，M.oeconomus had their lowest value of relative weight of BAT in June (O.6829% W^0.73)and increased to 2.3976% W^0.73 in December． The average relative weight of BAT in O．curzoniae is higher than that 0f in M.oeconomus(2．1163 W^0.73and 1．4268 W^0.73。respectively)． Both species showed an increasing in the amount of this tissue when weather became cold in late autumn．
3．Both the histological and ultrastructural changes in BAT have a significant seasonal variations． In the summer the BAT cells have large fat droplets and have many small fat droplets during cold Winter. Theseasonal changes of milochondria sizes in BAT cell isSep．>Dec．> Mar．>Jun．in O．curzoniae and Dec．>Sept.≥Jun．> Mar．in M.oeconomus;and the cristae numbers of BAT mitochondriais Dec．≥Mar．> Jun．>Sept．in O．curzoniaeand Dec．≥Mar．>sept．>Jun. in M.oeconomus．
The results indicated that BAT is related to the requirement of the rmogenesisfor cold．In these two native speciesof small mammals the thermogenesis requiremcnt for cold are presentthroughout the year and have significant seasonalvariations.BAT and NST may be important in thermoregulation and surviva1 for nonhibernating sma1l mammals
living in cold Alpine Meadow Ecosystem．


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HOME RANGE OF AP0DEMUS AGRARIUS AND SUNCUS MURINUS AND THEIR INTERSPECIFIC RELATIONSHIP ON FARMLAND

YANG shijian, ZHUGE Yang

1989, 9(3):  186-194. 

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Some ecological dataof Apodemus agrarius and suncuns murinus were obtained from a mark-recapture method carried on the farmland between Nov.,1986and Oct.,1987,The average home range size of A agrarius was 2271±204．1m² for males and 1841±183.1m² for females．There was no territoriality in males．but females showed some evidence of territoria1ity．The home range size of males of Suncusmurinus averaged 1227±263.Om² ，and that of females 241.4±50.3m² ．However、no territoriality was found in the shrews．
The two species showed overlap in their home Tanges although the areas preferred by A ．agrarigs seldom ovetlapped those preferred by S．murinus.A.agrarius was confirmed to be capture-prone．The mean body weight of A ．agrarius did not change significantly within one retrapping period (10 days)，but S.murinus showed a decrease of body weight due to marking and capturing．

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STUDIES 0N REPR0DUCTI0N AND P0PULAT10N AGE STRUCTURE OF SUNCUS MURINUS

YANG Shijian , ZHUGE Yan

1989, 9(3):  195-201. 

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A survey of the reproduction and population age structure of the musk shrew(Suncus murinus) was conducted in Guali farmland area of Xiaoshan County．Zhejiang Province．In the population of the musk shrew，the Sex ratio (males／females) was 1：0.72．The shrews showed a sexual dimorphism with the male being larger． The mean body weights of males and females were 54.9±1.13g and 37.9±0.70g and the mean body lengths of males and females were 122.9± 1.1Omm and 110.3±0.96mm respectively．The annual mean rate of Sex maturily of males was 86.3%. 5O% of males reached sex maturity when their tests weighed 0.1lg or their bodies 40g．All the males reached Sex maturity at 0.13g testicle weight or 50g body weight． The pregnant females were found nearly all the year round．35.7% of the females caught were pregnant and 49.6％ were sexually active．The average litter size was 3.5±0.16 ind．Among the pregnant shrews，25% were lactating.the females had two repro ductive peaks in a year，occurring in Mar．-Apr．and July- Aug．respectively．
Specimens of the musk shrews were divided into four a groupsby means of tooth 1ength index which was based upon tooth wear．The seasonal changes in the population age structure are also discussed．

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SEASONAL CHANGES OF BRANDT'S VOLES AND THEIR RELATION TO BURROWS

FANG Jiming, SUN Ruyung

1989, 9(3):  202-209. 

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The burrow index (number of voles／number of burrows) is an index of relative density for small burrowing rodents．Using burrow index，it is possible to transfer this relative density to absolute one．But，there were three burrow indexes (K₁=N_v/N_b ；K₂ =N_vc／N_bc；K3=N_v/N_d，where N_v =the number of voles in the sample;N_b =the number of by burrows in the same sample;N_vc= the number of voles in the colony;N_bc= the number of burrows in the same colony ;N_d=the number of opened burrows in the sample)used by different anthers．In orderto compare the validity of these indexes，a field investigation on relation of Brand's Voles (M icrotus brandti) with their burrows and their seasons1 changes had conducted from April to October and December in 1987．It involved the density cf voles，density and spatiaI distribution of burrows andpercentof opened burrows after covering．The burrows were divided into different categories：(1) new dug，disappeared and unchanged burrows, (2)burrows on mound and outside mound．
The results showed that there was a single peak pattern in the density of voles and their burrows from spring to fal1．The seasonal chhanges ofnew dug burrows were positively correlated with the density of voles， so did the burrows onthe mounds． The percent of opened burrows after covering (r)increaed with time (days)．It approached to the maximum on the third day．r′″，the third day's,was 4O～50% in spring，over 80% in summer and 70～80%in fal1．But the number of opened burrows per vole dropped from spring to summer and then went up from summer to fal1．Among three burrow indexes，K₃(max )was the ideal one，but K₁ was the most useful one in practice．K₁ had significantseasonal changes and equaled to 0.05995 in spring，0.2336 in summer and 0.141in fall.

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STUDIES ON THE MATING SYSTEM IN PLATEAU PIKAS(OCHOTONA CURZONIAE)

WANG Xuegao, Andrew T.Smith

1989, 9(3):  210-215. 

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Adult sexual behavior and mating system in a marked population of plateau pika(Ochotona curzoniae)，using marked ear-tag methods，were studied for a 4-year period．1984-1987 in Heimahe of Qinghai Lake． One male associated with one female(monogamy)is 39.73% of the pulation of plateau pika in the breeding season，and with two females or more than two (Polygamy)is 45.21％ at the same home range or in different home ranges Another phenomenon is that sometimes there were more than one male, but among them one must be the dominant，which15.07％ of the mating system of the breeding popu1ation．

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AGE DETERMINATI0N AND C0MP0SIT10N IN A POPULATION 0F C1TELLUS UNDULATUS

LIN Jichun, ZHANG Yujiand , ZHANG Lanying

1989, 9(3):  216-220. 

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The study of age determination and age structure of population of the suslik，Citellus undulatus，was carried out.Based on dental development and worn degree on the surface of molar teeth,the observations in 824 specimens， the suslik could be divided into 5 age groups I—V(Fig.2).By statistical comparison we found that except the youngs(I),there wasno relationship between the age and body weight，bodylength litter size．

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EFFECT 0F ALTITUDE HYPOXIA 0N CAROTID BODY ULTRASTRUCTURE IN MARMOTA HIM ALAYANA,OCHOTONA CURZONIAE AND HILLTOP SPRAGUE DAWLEY RAT

CHEN Qinming, YE Yucong, WEN Jialin

1989, 9(3):  221-225. 

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This investigation reveals with the ultrastructural effects hypoxia in native plateau species Marmota himalayana (3300m above sea leve1)， Ochotona curzoniae(3300m ) and plateau-migrated rats (the fourth filial generation of the Wistar rats imported to Xining and migrated to 3300m )，and the Hilltop Sprague Dawley rats divided into 2 groups：(1)quickly brought to altitude (3300m ).(2)remained in Shunghai(contro1).Their left and right carotid bodies were investigated with transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope．
There were an increase in the number of type I cells,decrease in the number of dense-cored vesicles，degenerated mitochondria．an increase in number and size of the vacuoles，decrease in the synaptic vesicle of the nerve endings and reduced microtriches in the surface of type I cell in the Sprague Dawley altitude-brought rat.however，no change had been observed in these indexes mentioned above in native 0．curzoniae and M.himalayana at the same experimental conditions．T be 1ight damage of hypoxia of carotid bodies was observed in plateau-migrated Wistar rats．

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THE KARYOTYPE OF EOTHENOMYS MILETUS MILETUS

1989, 9(3):  231-231. 

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