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20 May 1988, Volume 8 Issue 2

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SELECTION OF WINTER HABITAT OF RED DEER IN DAILING REGION

CHANG Hong, XIAO Qianzhu

1988, 8(2):  81-88. 

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The selection of winter habitat by red deer (Cervus elaphus) was studied in Dailing Region, Heilongjiang Province from January, 1984 to January, 1985. Ten ecological factors (Vegetation type, snow depth, food availability, cover density, aspect of slope, slope position, slope, source of water, human disturbance, elevation) were selected. By quantification theory Ⅰ and Ⅱ, habitat selection of red deer was analysed. According to the investigation of bedding marks of red deer in the field, the preferable site of red deer for bedding was pointed out.The data analysis from field observations provided following conclusions:1. Among the 10 ecological factors as mentioned above, the main factors which exerted notable influence on selection of winter habitat were vegetation type, aspect of slope, snow depth and human disturbance.2. Snow depth over 40 cm was a tolerance limit of habitat selection for red deer.3. Red deer inclined to select natural poplar-birch young growth and artificial poplar young growth to be their habitats.4. Red deer preferred to bed on the sunny and half sunny slopes.5. Human disturbance within 500 meters had a strong impact on activity and inhabitation of animals.6. The spruce stand and natural poplar-birch young growth on the sunny and half sunny hillside, snow depth less than 25cm, gentle slope(<10°), and the distance more than 1000 meters away from human disturbance were preferable site for bedding.

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REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR OF BROW-ANTLERED DEER, CERVUS ELDI HAINANUS

YUAN Xicai¹, LU Bowei², LI Sanyuan³

1988, 8(2):  89-94. 

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During the oestrus season, the brow-antlered deer congregated in larger groups, having a peak in May. The male deer entered the rutting period annually after their antlers hardened,and adult males usually competed combatively with one another for getting access to breeding fcmales.It was not usual for a male to occupy the deer herd solely; there was a linear sequence of hierarchy among them.The oestrus season of C.e.hainanus, based on our observations for 3 ycars(1984-1987), started in January and continued until June with a peak from March to April;the birthing period began in September and ended in the next January with a peak from October to November: The gestation period was approximately seven to seven and a half months. Male shed old antlers and began growing new ones during June to August every ycar;the antlers aged gradually,and from November till the next January the antlers of most male deers became hard-boned.This paper described its sexual behaviors of ten kinds in the reproductive cycle including congregating, fighting, bellowing, wallowing, sniffing, chasing, mounting, copulation, birthing and shedding.

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TAXONOMIC NOTES ON THE SUBSPECIES OF THE INDIAN MUNTJAC (Muntiacus muntjak) IN YUNNAN, CHINA

MA Shilai¹, WANG Yingxiang¹, Colin P.Groves²

1988, 8(2):  95-104. 

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The present paper deals with the taxonomy of the Indian muntjac in Yunnan,China. After examing more than the sixty specimens of Muntiacus muntjak from over the great part of the area of Yunnan, we think that the population of M.muntjak living in the place cannot be included in M. m. vaginalis, we treat it as two new subspecies, which are M. m. menglalis and M. m. yunnanensis. The former is distributed in the south of 22°30'N.; and the latter north of 23°10'N.

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STUDY ON THE REPRODUCTION OF RHESUS MONKEY IN NATURE AT NANWAN PENINSULA, HAINAN ISLAND

JIANG Haisheng, LIU Zhenhe, YUAN Xicai, WANG Hansheng

1988, 8(2):  105-112. 

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The rhesus monkey (Macaco mulatta) of free-ranging at Nanwan Peninsula of Hainan Island were researched on the reproduction in nature from 1981 to 1985. The season of oestrus and copulation lasted for four months from Nov.to next March. The birth period also lasted for four months from April to August and gestation about 177 days.About 70% monkeys reaching birth age reproduced every year and the others reproduced one or two times in three years. The intervals observaed between two births were 294 to 441 days (mean 362±16). From 1978, the reproduction rate was higher in one year and then lower in the next year by 53.8%-100%,(mean 77.8%). The females sex mature at three or four years old, about 38% of whieh were pregnant at 3.5 years old and gave birth at 4 years old. All the females can reproduced at five years old. The sex ratio of newborns was 1.37 + 0.70 (♀ : ♂) and its mortality rate very low.

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STUDY ON COMPARISON OF SERUM ISOENZYME BETWEEN TAKIN, TUNG SHEEP AND QINCHUAN CATTLE

QU Hong, DANG Ruiye

1988, 8(2):  113-116. 

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This paper reports the eleectrophoretograms of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Enterase (Es) of serums in Takin, Tung sheep and Qinchuan Cattle by discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method.The number of enzyme band, mobility, relative content and dye intensity have been analysed. The results show that each animal has its characteristic zyrnogram, and the electrophoretogram of Takin is more close to that of Tung Sheep than to that of Qinchuan Cattle.

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STUDIES ON MDH AND ADH ISOENZYMES IN NEOPHOCAENA PHOCAENOIDES WITH ELECTROPHORETIC TECHNIQUE

LU Peihong, YU Duowei, MA Yuyin

1988, 8(2):  117-121. 

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Using electrophoretic method, a study of MDH and ADH isozymes in 3 individuals of Neophocaena phocaenoides (♂ 2,♀ 1 ) has been made. The electrophoreto grams of MDH isozymes in different tissues are similar. 1 m-MDH and 1-2 s-MDH bands are detected from all examined samples. The average content of s-MDH is more than that of m-MDH in main organs.The electrophoretograms of ADH in Neophocaena phocaenoides is as follows: 1 band to cathode and 0-4 bands to anode have been found, when the substrate is used with n-butyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol. The activity of ADH is detected in all examined tissues, and the ADH isozymes are somewhat special from one tissue to the others.The electrophoretograms vary with different substrate and pH.

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STUDIES ON THE LEVELS OF SOME METALS AND ORGANICHLORINE COMPOUNDS IN LIPOTES VEXILLIFER AND NEOPHOCAENA PHOCAENOIDES

YANG Lishou, YU Duowei, LU Peihong

1988, 8(2):  122-127. 

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This paper deals with distribution characteristics of Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd and Fe elements in the tissues and the levels of pollution of organichlorine compounds (PCB, BHC, DDT) in Lipotes vexillifer and Neophocaena phocaenoides. Compared with other dolphin, the results reveal as follows:1. The concentration of Pb is remarkably higher.2. PCB has not been detected.3. The concentration of BHC and DDT are higher than those of Stenella coruleo-albd; the pollution is grave.This paper propounds an attention to protecting Lipotes vexillifer and Neophocaena phocaenoides.

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SOME BIOLOGICAL INFORMATIONS OF DESERT CAT IN QINGHAI

LIAO Yanfa

1988, 8(2):  128-131. 

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The Chinese desert cat (Fells bieti,MiIne-Edwards) lives in six different habitats in Qinghai province at an elevation of 2,800-4,100m,i.e.alpine meadow, alpine bush,edge of coniferous forest, grassy meadow, desert-semi desert zone and loess hill steppes.The desert cat occurs in Huangzhong and other 18 counties (suburb) in Qinghai, frequently in Huangzhong,Huangyuan,Menyuan, Qilian,Tongren and Dulan.The den of desert cat can be found in natural rocky cave on sunny slope between 3,000-3, 600m.There are breeding dens and temporary ones.The desert cat moves actively in morning,evening and at night.It lives a solitary life except in mating season.In breeding period, activity range of the female is limited and fixed. The main food is rodents, when lacking in winter, it preys on birds.

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FLEHMEN AND ITS BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF SHEEP

FAN Zhiqin¹, GAI Hanyan¹, YANG Dexin²

1988, 8(2):  132-138. 

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Flehmen behavior as a response to olfactory stimuli was studied in sheep.Males respond to odor stimuli by openning the mouth, and lifting the upper lip, with the head moving up and down, inhaling and exhaling. The duration of flehmen averages 60-120 seconds.The flehmen response typically occurs after detecting an interesting smell - urine, feces, a female's vulva or odor from other body parts of the females.The typical stimulus causing the flehmen response is female urine. Rams show more flehmen in response to urine of estrus ones than of those not in heat, and preferable to urine of another breed of sheep(Fig.2).

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ENERGY METABOLISM OF MUSTELA VISON DURING PREGNANCY AND LACTATION

WANG Peichao, LU Houji, ZHAO Wenliang

1988, 8(2):  139-145. 

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1. The paper reports determining of the energy requirements during the pregnancy ( 0 -48 days) and lactation ( 0-30 days) in minks, Mustela vison.2. The caloric values of the daily food consumption and daily feces excretion samples of female minks were determined in calorimetric bomb.3. The resting respiratory consumed energy of the female minks was measured under a simple closed system respirometer at 22±0.5℃ of ambient temperature.4. Daily food consumption quantum (dry weight) and value of ingested energy of the female minks average 49.6506±5 .2614g/ind./day and 256.9105±30.2469 Kcal/ind./ day duing pregnancy, being higher by 8.03% (P<0.001) and 11.70%(P<0.001)respec-tively, as compared with those of the non-reproductive female minks.5. During lactation,daily food consumption and ingestion energy exhibited three time phases: 1) a poor appetite and level of minimizing ingestion for female minks during0 - 9 days after parturition; 2) a revival appetite and ingestion energy growing back to level of nonreproducing female during 10-15 days after parturition; 3) a good appetite and maximizing level of ingestion energy from 15 to 30 days after parturition.6. The resting respiratory energy of the female minks average 98.3594±26.5087 Kcal/ind./day during pregnancy and 117.7542±32.3371 Kcal/ind./day during lactation, and they are 49.29 (P<0.001) and 78.73% (P<0.001) higher respectively, as compared with those of the nonreproducing female minks.The resting respiratory energy of the female minks exhibited the positive correlation with both body weight and duration of pregnancy and the latter is probably the most important controlling factor. And during lactation, the resting respiratory energy showed the negative correlation with duration of lactation and it showed a positive correlation with body weight.7. The body weight of female minks during reproduction period exhibited two time phases, viz. the body weight is of the positive correlation with growth of pregnancy time (days), and of the negative with growth of lactation.8. The body weight of female minks during reproduction period changed with the balance of daily energy, viz. when assimilating is over expenditure energy resulting in growth of total body weight, and conversely, decreasing.

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A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE LIFE TABLE AND REPRODUCTION OF THE MARMOTA BAIBACINA

YANG Ganyuan, ZHANG Lanying, CHEN Xinru

1988, 8(2):  146-151. 

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Nine hundred and eleven( 521, 390) specimens of gray marmot (Marmota baibacina) were collected at eastern Yelehaberto Mountain of Tianshan Mountain range from April to August, 1985. The results were as follows:The age pyramid in population showed a tendency to increase. The survival curve having the shape of a half moon.The static life table of population of gray marmot was studied.The mean mortality (qx of the females was 0.2538,and that of the male 0.2956. The mean life expectancy (e₀) of the female was 3.4393 years, and that of the male 2.8798 years.The instantaneous increasing rate(r_m) was 0.1695/year, the finite increasing rate(λ) 1.1847/year, the net productive capacity(R₀) was 3.3574 per generation.

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ON THE NATURAL WINTER MORTALITY OF THE PLATEAU PIKA(OCHOTONA CURZONIAE)

WANG Xuegao¹, Andrew T. Smith²

1988, 8(2):  152-156. 

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The natural winter mortality of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) was investigated as part cf a long-term study of the behavioral ecology of a Population of the species near Qinghai Lake.During summer 1985, all adults and juveniles from the first and second litters were individually marked on a study site of 0.8 hectare.Third litter juveniles were not marked. The fate of marked animals alive at the conclusion of the breeding season was observed throughout the following winter. By 18 November, 50.88% of the population had perished, by the middle of March 1986, 94.74% had died.Ultimately only 5.26% of the population survived the winter to form the breeding Population in 1986. Of juvenile pikas entering the breeding season in 1986, most of them were born in first litters of the preceding year. The rate of mortality was apparently due to severe climatic condition during the winter of 1985-1986 at the site.There were several peculiarities in the mortality rate of Population.First, the mortality rate varied throughout the winter. The higher rate of mortality occurred at the beginning of the winter period, namely prior to the end of November. After this time the mortality rate declined slowly until middle of January. The highest rate of mortality occurred at the middle of February. Rate of mortality again declined over the next month. There was no mortality from the end of March to the first ten-day of May, a period encompassiong the beginning of the 1986 reproductive season.Second, mortality rate was greater among old male than female pikas.Third,the mortality rate among pikas born in second litters was significantly greater than that in first litters (t = 3.2202, p<0.01). Of juvenile pikas entering the breeding season in 1986, most of them were born in first litters the preceding year. There was, however, no difference in the mortality rate by the breeding season from first and second litters.