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20 November 1987, Volume 7 Issue 4

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DAILY ACTIVITY RHYTHM OF GIANT PANDA

HU Jinchu

1987, 7(4):  241-245. 

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This paper deals with the daily activity rhythm of 5 radio-collared giant pandas(Zhen Zhen, adult♀; Han Han, adult♀; Wei Wei, adult ; Ning Ning, subadult♀, Long Long, subadult♂) by the methods of direct observation, telemetering and tracing from 1981-1982 at Wolong Nature Conservation, Sichuan.The active and inactive behavior of the 5 giant pandas have been recorded by radio-telemetry, for continuative 5 days (120 hours) every month, one record a quarter, 96 records a day.There are two daily active peaks, the highest appears at 18:00 and the secondary at 04:00; there are two troughs also,the lowest appears at 09:00 and the secondary at 24:00.The daily active rate is 57-66%(year mean).The present paper also analyses the daily activity rhythm of giant pandas in spring, summer autumn,winter and in oestrus and parturition period respectively.

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NOTES ON TWO SPECIES OF DOLPHINS OF THE GENUS TURSIOPS IN CHINESE WATERS

ZHOU Kaiya

1987, 7(4):  246-254. 

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Varying combinations of skeletal, external and photographic data were available for 33 specimens of Tursiops from Chinese waters. The skulls indicating distal fusion of premaxillaries and maxillaries were used for study. of which 14 are referred to Tursiops truncatus and 7 are identified as T.aduncus.In color pattern and external morphometrics(Table 1), T. aduncus differs from T. truncatus in having: longitudinal elongated dark spots on ventral surface between flippers and anus;shorter total body length; relatively longer beak and larger flippers. Recorded CBL for T.aduncus is less than 500mm and its mean is 59.6mm shorter than tho- se of T.truncatws(Table 2).The skull of the former can also be distinguished from the latter by morphological characters.The total number of vertebrae is 60-61 in T. aduncus and 64-67 in T. truncotus (Table 3). In T.aduncus. the sixth cervical vertebrae mostly have no lower transverse process; the length of centrum of the seventh cervical vertebra is longer than that of the sixth, its costal facet resembles or is larger than that of the first thoracic vertebra; the capitulum of rib 1 is apparently larger than that of rib 2; the capitulum of the last two-headed rib is rudimentary and has lost the connection with the centrum of thoracic vertebra.In T.truncatus, the sixth cervical vertebrae mostly have lower transverse process; the length of centrum of the seventh cervical vertebra is similar to that of the sixth, its costal facet is vestigial or apparently smaller than that of the first thoracic vertebra; the capitulum of rib 1 resembles that of rib 2; the capitulum of the last two-headed rib is normally developed and articulated with the centrum of thoracic vertebra.The characters of our specimens from the South China Sea are almost identical with those of T.aduncus from the South African and Pakistan waters. Comparisons of characters of the specimens of Tursiops from the Yellow Sea and East China Sea with those from the north east Pacific and from the South African and British waters (Table 4,5) indicate that the former should be referred to T.truncatus.

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OBSERVATIONS ON SOME VISCERAL ORGANS IN THE TAKIN

LIU Jiayin¹, ZHU Xunmei²

1987, 7(4):  255-260. 

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The shape of the ovarium, tuba uterina, uterus, vagina, liver, kidney and spleen of the takin were observed with the naked eye. The results are as follows:The ovarium of the takin is elliptical, somewhat compressed and has no ovulation fossa. The size of ovaria is smaller in takin than that in cow and similar to that in sheep. Right ovary is 1.8cm in length, 1.2cm in width and 1.1cm in thickness in its largest part.Left ovary is 1.5cm in length,1.1cm in width and about 0.8cm in thickness in its largest part.The tuba uterinae of takin is 20cm in length and less flexuous than that in cow. The boundary between the tuba uterina and the horn of the uterus is not quite distinct.The type of uterus of takin is bihorn. The horn of uterus of takin is 25cm in length and has the same curvature as that in cow. The body of pseudo-uterus is less typical in takin than that in cow or sheep.The body of uterus is about 2cm in length and the cervix about 4cm.The uterine caruncle is round eminences and there is a depression at the centre of its free surface.The lumen of the uterine cervix is closed by reciprocal eminences and depressions of the uterine mucous membrane.The margin of the external orifice of the uterus is formed by five round eminences of the uterine mucous membrane.The vagina is 22cm in length and 7cm in diameter. Eight round eminences formed by vagina membrane,are located about 1cm behind the external orifice of uterine cervix, circularly arranging surround the internal wall of the vagina. Hymen develops very well and is divided into three parts, a central part and two lateral parts. The central part is circular and 1.2cm in diameter, the lateral parts are laminary and about 3cm in length.The liver weight is about 1300g. The lobation of the takin liver is more distinct than that of cow.The gall bladder prolapses and is over right margin of liver.Its long axis is perpendicular to that of liver. The incisura of ligamentum teretis of liver is deeper in takin than that in cow.The kidneys are bean-shaped. The type of kidney is monopapillar, smooth and without any superficial lobation. Right kidney weight is 220g and is 11cm in length,7cm in width and 6cm in thickness. Left kidney weigh 243g and is 9.5cm in length, 7.5cm in width and 6cm in thickness.The spleen is hyacinth-bean in form and weigh 150g, it is 15cm in length and 11cm in width. Its margin is thin and central part thick, its thickest part measures 2.5cm.The observations were obtained from out-of-body organs of one young and one adult female takins. As all the organs were removed with formalin, it is certain that there are differences in size, weight etc. in the specimens compared with the fresh ones.

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INVESTIGATION ON PREALBUMIN VALUE AND ANTITHROMBIN Ⅲ (AT-Ⅲ) MEASUREMENT IN RHESUS MONKEY SERUM

DING Zheng Liang¹, ZHOU Huili¹, HE Shuzhen², HU Buoming³, ZHOU Kang³, FANG Guoding³, GU Xiuying³

1987, 7(4):  261-265. 

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Prealbumin was measured in 67 Rhesus Monkeys (34 males and 33 females), weighed from 3 to 4 Kg and aged from 2 to 4 years. As a result, the value of prealbumin in Rhesus Monkeys serum was 64.9±14.5 mg/dl.Prealbumin is synthesized by liver and functions as a carrier of thyroxine and vitamin A. The prealbumin value may be referred to as a normal range. The method used was rocket electrophoresis, which is simple, rapid and accurate one to determine PA.Antithrombin (AT-Ⅲ) is an important component in anticoagulation system in blood as a natural inhibitor of thrombin. It's importance has been increasingly recognized.AT-Ⅲ was examined from 42 Rhesus Monkeys (21 males and 21 females), weighed from 3 to 4 Kg and aged from 2 to 4 years. As a result, AT-Ⅲ was 45.5±7.3 mg/dl (X±SD). Hence, The normal range was 33.3-61.7 mg/dl. The method used was rocket electrophoresis autography, Which is a more accurate method than thrombin neutralizing one.

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ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF RODENTS IN JINHUA BEISHAN MOUNTAIN

BAO Yixin¹, ZHUGE Yang²

1987, 7(4):  266-274. 

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The ecological study of rodents in Jinhua Beishan Mountain was carried out from February 1984 to January 1985. Three working sites were set up at different altitudes in the mountain range. Results obtained are as follows.1. Eight species of rodents were captured in seven different ecological habitats. Apodemus agrarius and Rattus niviventer confucianus are dominant species.2. There is seasonal change of numbers. Peaks in the fluctuation curve appear in March,June-August and October-November respectively.Species diversity indexes,relative densities and species are different in every working site.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE KARYOTYPES AND LDH ISOENZYMES FROM SOME ZOKORS OF THE SUBGENUS EOSPALAX,GENUS MYOSPALAX

LI Baoguo, CHEN Fuguan

1987, 7(4):  275-282. 

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This paper reports the karyotypes and LDH isoenzyme of M. f. fontanieri, M.f. cansus, M.f. baileyi, and M. rothschildi. 1. Comparative study of karyotype:The chromosome numbers of the three subspecies of M. fontanieri are 2n=60, but of M. rothschildi is 2n=58, There is a couple of the smallest dot chromosomes in all of these types, and X chromosome appeares to be the large metacentric chromosome, Y chromosome to be the small submetacentric chromosome. There are differences not only in the numbers of chromosome but also in types and sizes on the basis of different species and subspecies.

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STUDIES ON THE DIGGING ACTIVITIES AND EXPLORATION ABOUT THE METHOD OF NUMBER ESTIMATION OF PLATEAU ZOKOR

WANG Quanye, FAN Naichang

1987, 7(4):  283-290. 

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In 1985, at Haibei Alpine Meadow Ecosystem Research Station of Menyuan county, Qinghai Province, the relationship between the annual rhythms in digging activities of the Zokor and the environmental factors of climate, plants biomass of underground part and phenology were studied. The daily rhythms of digging activities in different seasons were analysed and compared. In accordance with the activity rules, we approach the possibility to estimate the Zokor number by soil mounds.1. The starting and the stopping of digging activities had something to do with the degrees of thawing and freezing of the earth surface and was indirectly affected by temperature.2. The weight of soil pushed up above the surface by Zokor during the green up period 89 days was 1024 kg per Zokor, account for 30.75% of the annual digging quantity and exuberance period (82 days) 6.32%, withering period (57 days)62.92%.3. The digging activities occurred day and night, but more frequent at night than in the daytime, and hardly occurred during the hot summer days. Two peaks were found, one was almost simultaneous with the sun rising; the other varied slightly with the different seasons.But generally, they occurred at about midnight.4. The digging quantity had close relations with special weathers. It could be checked by snowfall, snows and more intense irradiation of sunlight. Frequent activities occurred after a cloudy day, a mild or fine rainy day.5. The size of mound was affected by the degree of thawing, freezing of earth surface as well as the age structure of the Zokor population etc.6. During the two frequent digging seasons spring and autumn, the method of estimating the numbers of the Zokor population by soil mounds is simple and reliable.

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A REGIONALIZATION SYSTEM OF CHINA FOR ZOOGEOG RAPHICAL STUDY

ZHANG Rongzu¹, LIN Yonglie²

1987, 7(4):  291-295. 

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A landscape regionalization System of China (Table 1) has been proposed in thais paper by the authors who attempt to suggest using it for a purpose of description on animal species distribution instead of the rrevailingly traditional using of administrative divisions. The latter is known based on political reason and not suitable for the object studying of natural phenomena.Obviously, using political province names defines species area, if without distribution map, often giving inaccurate conception which could not reflect the natural characteristic of the distribution. The system suggested is derived from the author's experience of zoogeographical study. The name and the area of each unit in the system coincide with that of the common geographical units which are being familiar to scholar as well as layman.Furthermore, the physiographical units of the systems have been arranged orderly corresponding generally to natural division of China and reflect the gradient of temperature in the eastern part predominated by monsoon climate, of moisture in the northwestern part of dry area and the Tibet plateau and its adjacent mountains characterized by distinct vertical variation associated with two dimensions (latitudinal and longitudinal)of geographical changing (Fig.1).It is suggested that the system with definite framework can be generalized as a hypothetic model of geographical correlation between faunal characteristics and natural conditions for comparative geographical study of zoogeographic phenomena as well as of geographical variation of animal ecology(Fig.2)

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A METHOD FOR DRIVE TRAPPING PRONGHORN NATELOPE

David S.Moody, Larry R.Saslaw, A.William Alldredge

1987, 7(4):  296-303. 

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