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20 November 1986, Volume 6 Issue 4

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STUDY ON THE BANDED CHROMOSOMES OF CITELLUS DAURICUS

LI Xiang¹, MA Jixia², WU Heling²

1986, 6(4):  241-248. 

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The banded chromosomes of G-banding and C-banding of Citellus dauricus have been studied.T-G method was used in G-banding and BSG method in C-banding. According to the characteristics of banded patterns, the idi-ograms of G-banded and C-banded karyotypes were depicted.The chromosomes of G-banded and C-banded patterns were analyzed. The results show that each homologous pair has its own special G-banded patterns and C-banded patterns, so it is easy to be distinguished and to be paired exactly in the karyotype. The X chromosomes are similar to No.1 chromosome in length and in G-banded patterns. However, there are 3 deep and 1 dark bands in the short arm of the X chromosome, but there are 1 deep and 2 dark bands in the short arm of No.1 chromosome. The C-banded patterns show that all of the chromosomes except Y chromosome have cent-romeric heterochromatin.There are obvious differences in each of the homologous pairs in the amount and the distribution. The long arms of No.2 and No.3 are with interstitial heterochromatin.

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ANALYSIS ON THE KARYOTYPES OF LEPUS YARKANDENSIS

XU Kefen

1986, 6(4):  249-253. 

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This paper deals with the chromosomal karyotype of Lepus yarkandensis which is a special species in Tarim Basin. The karyotype was prepared by the colchicine,hypotonic, air drying technique from the metaphase in bone marrow.Its diploid is 48. The karyotype formula is 2n = 18m+14sm + 8st+6t+Xst + Yst(N·F = 80).The chromosomal number of Lepus yarkandensis is the same as that of genus Lepus. Its geographical distribution area closely links up with that of Lepus oiostolus and Lepus capensis. It shows that Lepus yarkandensis has the general appearence of karyotype in the genus Lepus so the genus name Tarimolagus should be abandoned.G-bands of the bone marrow shows that the characteristics of the chromosomal banding of the tarim hare is obvious.

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BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MEAT, FAT AND HOOF-GLAND SECRETION OF BUDORCAS TAXICOLOR

QU Hong, WU Jiayan, GUO Liangxia

1986, 6(4):  255-259. 

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The meat, fat and hoof-gland secretion of Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi were analysed with biochemical analytical methods.The results show that the high protein contained in meat of B.t.b., and it consists of 17 kinds of amino acid, including 8 essential amino acids (except for tryptophan) . The glyceryl trioleate is the main component in fat, the content of oleic acid in the fatty acids is highest, to which palmitic acid and palmitoleic acid are the second in content only.The content of caprylic acid in elementary fatty acid of hoof-gland secretion is highest. The content of linoleic acid is the highest in high fatty acid, linolenic acid and oleic acid are the second in content.

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EFFECTS OF CHRONIC HYPOXIA ON THE LIVER OF OCHOTONA CURZONIAE AND RATS

LI Qingfen, YOU Zhibing, CHEN Xiaoguang, DU Jizeng

1986, 6(4):  261-266. 

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Effects of chronic hypoxia on liver of Ochotona curzoniae and rats have been carried out by simulated altitude (5000m,Po₂ 84mmHg, O₂ 11%) in hypobaric presure chamber for 15 days, and compared with those at 2300 m of altitude (120mmHg of Po₂, O₂ 16%).In fourth filial generation of rats removed from the lowland to Xining (2300 m of altitude)the levels of content of glycogen,lipid and protein mar- kedly decreased from 753 ± 34.9, 869±23.2 and 1113 ± 11.3 to 384±25.8,606 ±23.8 and 814 ± 8.1 mg/whole liver respectively(P<0.001)during exposuring to 5000 m altitude for 15 days, while the activities of lysosomal enzymes, acid phcsphatase and aryl sulpbatase, enharced significantly (P<0.001), whereas SGPT and SGOT kept unchanged. The biochemical changes were supported by hepatic morphological evidence that hypoxia led to cloudy swelling and ballooning of cells and parenchymal cell necrosis. However none of changes had been observed in these indexes mentioned above in native mammal pika (O.curzoniae) at the same experimental conditions.The data, therefore, suggested that obvious different mechanism of adaptation to hypoxia chronically in hepatic metabolisms and enzymes related to hepatic function and damage of liver cells necrosis existed between rats and O. curzoniae. The perfect mechanisms uniformed structure and functions of acclimatization to altitude in liver of O. curzoniae were formed by long term of evolution at cellular and molecular level. The model of O. curzoniae would serve us for searching the principle of adaptation based on molecular biology to hypoxia. Much attention must be paid in terms of effects of hy-poxic hypoxia either acutely or chronically upon liver clinically.

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SOME RECORDS OF MI-LU(Elaphurus davidianus) IN CHINESE ANCIENT BOOKS

XIA Jingshi

1986, 6(4):  267-272. 

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This paper deals with the historical conditions of Mi-lu (Elaphurus davidianus) which has been stamped out in China since the end of the 19th century. The author has studied a nmber of records and narratives on Mi-lu from Chinese ancient books and holds the following views:1. Mi-lu existed in China widely in ancient times, sometimes a herd of thousands could be found in wild. It still existed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.2. The distribution range of Mi-lu extended to the centre and south of Shaanxi, east of Sichuan, north of Hunan and Jiangxi in the old days.3. 22 Mi-lu have been returned to China from England and 20 of them were sent to Nanhaizi of Peking and the other two were sent to Shanghai Zoo in 1985.4 . Meat of Mi-lu is edible, its oil and young pilose antler as well as antler are one of the traditional Chinese medicines.

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, MATING SYSTEM AND HABITATS OF MICRPTINAE RODENTS

Lowell L. Getz, Joyce E. Hofmann, Liu Jike

1986, 6(4):  273-285. 

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Social organization and mating systems of mammals are known primarily for large, easily observed, long-lived species. There is relatively little such information for small, secretive, short-lived species because of difficulty in observing direct interacaions between individuals in the wild. Data relating to social organization and mating systems normally must be obtained by indirect means,such as by radiotelemetry or live-trapping.

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STUDIES ON SELECTING HABITATS OF BRANDT'S VOLES IN VARIOUS SEASONS DURING A POPULATION LOW

SHI Dazhao

1986, 6(4):  287-296. 

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An investigation on Brandt's voles(Microtus brandti Radde)during a population low was made at Amugulong, Inner Mongolia from Sept. to Oct., 1983 and from Apr.to Sept., 1984.It dealt with the characteristics of habitats the vole selected and the effect of the main ecological factors.Eight types of habitats were selected on an area of about 20km² for studying the density of the vole.The numbers of its burrow openings were counted every month to analyse tha variation of density in different habitats and seasons. It was shown that the shallow ditch with a sedge (Carex duriuscula)grassland was the optimal habitat for the voles.Some ecological factors affecting the density of the voles were analysed. They were topography,grassland type,height of herbosa,moisture content of plant,coverage of vegetation,productivity of grassland,soil moisture and soil hardness,etc.The stepwise regression was used to analyse the comprehensive factors in various seasons. Results show that topography, food sources and the height of herbosa are correlated to the selecting of habitats by Brandt's voles.

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AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY ON Eothenomys melanogaster

BAO Yixin¹, ZHUGE Yang²

1986, 6(4):  297-305. 

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Eothenomys melanogaster, being distributed in the southern part of China, is a common species of Microtinae. Its ecology in the northwest and the central section of Zhejiang Province was investigated by the authors in 1981 and 1984. Results obtained are as follows.The mountain regions of high elevation (above 1000m) are the main habitats of this vole. Its number increases with altitude. Two peaks of seasonal fluctuation in number appear in May-June and September-October respectively, and the first peak is higher than the second one. The capture rate in winter is the lowest.Based upon the body length, four age classes can be recognized.The body length criteria are: less than 90, 90-96,97-102,and more than 102 mm for juvenile, subadult, adult and senior age classes respectively. There are seasonal changes in population age composition.In mountain West Tian-mu, the age pyramid of E.melanogaster for the whole year of 1981 was a rather typical, that the population was fundamentally stable.The breeding seasons are in February-March and September-October. It feeds chiefly on the green parts of plant. In spring and summer the frequ- ency of taking the leaves and stems of plant is higher than in autumn and winter.The field techniques including the live-trapping, marking and releasing methods were employed from May to August, 1981.The working period in each month was roughly a week.The studied area was 1.72 hectares.In all, 175 individuals of E.melanogaster were marked.The average area of home range of males is 416.5 ± 37.7sq.m,and that of females is 469.4 ± 40.1 sq.m.The average length of home range is 28.2± 1.7 m for the males and 33.3±3.1 m for the females.During retrapping, we observed that the home range of the same sex overlapped each other, so that there is no territoriality in this species.

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THE BREEDING BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Marmota himalayana IN RESHUITAN AND WULANNAOTAN, HAIYAN COUNTY, QINGHAI PROVINCE

HUANG Xiaolong, WANG Zhijun, WU Jiasong, LIU Lixian

1986, 6(4):  307-311. 

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This paper deals with sex ratio, age composition of population and breeding quantity of Marmota himalayana. The breeding index represents the total number of embryos produced by 100 adult females in a year, and it is equal to multiplying the percentage of breeding females and the average litter size.Reshuitan has been chosen as a research area of marmot elimination and Wulannaotan as the control area. Continued killing of marmots is done in the research area but not in the control area, so the population density in the research area is lower than that in the control area.The sex ratio (near to 1:1) and the percentage of adults in population are both stable in these two areas.The average litter size in the control area is 4.77(1984) and 6.93(1982 -1984) in the research area.The percentage of breeding females in the control area was 53.57% in 1984, while in the research area was 73.9% in 1982, 82.5% in 1983 and 68.2% in 1984.The breeding index in the control area was 255.52% in 1984, while in the research area was 518.77% in 1982, 565.12% in 1983 and 468.53% in 1984.It is clear that the population of Marmota himalayana has a process of self-regulation. When the density is low, both the litter size and the breeding index are higher. It is density-dependent.