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20 November 1985, Volume 5 Issue 4

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THE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RODENT PESTS ON THE PASTURE IN INNER MONGOLIA AND THE ECOLOGICAL STRATEGIES OF CONTROLLING

ZHONG Wenqin, ZHOU Qingqiang, SUN Chonglu

1985, 5(4):  241-249. 

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This paper deals with the types of the rodent pest area on the grazing land in Inner Mongolia and the regularity of their forming and developing. Colonial rodents such as Microtus brandti, Meriones unguiculatus and Ochotona daurica do harm to the grazing lands in this region. Over-grazing and unsuitable reclamation result in the degeneration of grazing lands which provide favourable conditions for these rodents in their habitat selection. In certain successive stages of degeneration of grassland community, the population density of the harmful rodents increases with the growth of degeneration, moreover, it accelerates the degeneration of the grazing lands.There will be a succession of these colonial rodents in the grazing lands under sustained over-grazing.The ecological strategies for preventing the present degeneration-rodent destroyed pastures are suggested. To improve the range management and to prevent over-grazing of the pastures are the main measures for controlling the rodent pests in Inner Mongolia.

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UTILIZATION OF THE FOOD RESOURCES BY PLATEAU PIKA

JIANG Zhigang, XIA Wuping

1985, 5(4):  251-262. 

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The food utilization of the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae Hodgson) was observed at Haibei Alpinal Meadow Ecosystem Researching Station(Lat. 37°9′-37°5′N, Long.l01°2′-101°3′E). Ten sampling plots of 25 x 25cm² were chosen at random to study the coverage, biomass and number of different plant species, from which the abundance of the species in the meadow were estimated, then the food resources were to be inferred accordingly (Tab.l). The grazing freqencies of the pika to various food were recorded to determine the degrees of utilization and the grazing heights of the pika were measured as well. Then the relative grazing heights were compared (Tab.2). The results of the study were as follows:1. The grazing frequencies of the pika disagree with the abundance of the food resources because the pika utilizes the food resources selectively. The pikas tend to like such food as Elymus nutans, Oxytropis, Poa, but dislike Kobresia. So they play an important role in stablizing the alpine meadow vegetational community.2. With the increase of the experimental density, the food utilization spectrum changed (Fig.l).(1) The food spectrum was generalized. ( 2) The grazing heights were lowered (Tab.2 and Fig.6),both leading to the generalization of the niche,and (3) Changes in the composition of the vegetational community (Fig.5).3. The pika of high density is surely harmful.They destroy the grassland by digging burrows. So the pika of high density should be controlled.

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ON THE NUMBER OF THE LARGE-TOOTHED RAD-BACK-VOLES ON DIFFERENT SLOPES AND ITS MEANING IN RODENT PEST PREVENTION FOR YOUNG FORESTS

SHU Fengmei

1985, 5(4):  263-267. 

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The vole (Clethrionomys rufocanws), is a dominant species in Heilung-jiang forest region. It gnaws bark in winter and does harm to the artificial young forest. Investigations show that the degree of harm depeuds on the nmber of voles in habitats of different slopes which may be divided into 4 types, ( 1) sedgy steep slope, with a gradiant of 25 (2) gentle slope with weeds with a gradiant of about 10° (3) level land about 5° (4) low-lying land. There are more voles in the level land than on the steep slope.In aforestation we should select lands with suitable slopes to plant trees which should also be selected the ones not palatable to the voles. It is better to know the number of the voles on different slopes at the end of autumn, in order to predict the spots of possible damage occurence and to take controlling measures.

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STUDIES ON THE PIKAS(GENUS:OCHOTONA)OF CHINA—TAXONOMIC NOTES AND DISTRIBUTION

FENG Zuojian¹, ZHENG Changlin²

1985, 5(4):  269-289. 

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Altogether 21 species of the genus Ochotona are recorded in the world up to the present, of which 17 species occur in China(see text in Chinese), This shows that China boasts of the greatest number of species of Ochotona,The genus Ochotona may be divided into two subgenera,i. e. Pika and Ochotona. The former contains 7 species, their skull having a distinct incisive and palatal foramina. The subgenus Ochotona includes 10 species, its incisive and palatal foramina being widely confluent to form a single opening.The taxonomic notes and the distribution of 7 forms, namely, O. cansus, O.forresti, O.curzoniae, O.macrotis, O.gloveri, O.muliensis and O. hyperborea, are briefly given as follows:1. Ochotona cansus Lyon, 1907Closely related to the O.thibetana, but distinguished by the following points: l)The total length of the skull comparatively shorter(34.4±0.21mm in average,n= 35;as against 37.6±0.42mm,n = 33)and the zygomatic width (15.9±0.08mm,n = 44;as against 18.0±0.19mm,n = 39).2) It has been found that the range of cansus, such as Banma County, Xunhua County, E. Qinghai(Chinghai) province and Litang County, Hei Shui County of W. Sichuan province, overlaps that of thibetana(map l),and that the intermediary form does not occur in the same area where the two species meet.Distribution: kansu,Qinghai,Sichuan,Shaanxi,Xizang (Tibet).2. Ochotona forresti Thomas, 1923Similar to O.thibetana but differing from the latter in these ways: 1) A dark grey area behind each ear, and these two areas almost meet across the nape; unlike a pale-buffy area which does not meet in thibetana,2) Fore claws longer(5.5-7.0mm in length) than that of the latter(3.7-5.0 mm), 3) With larger zygomatic width(19,7 ±00, 18mm,n= 15) than in thib- etana(see comments under cansus). 4 ) The incisive and palatal foramina in form of a single calabash or violin-shaped opening, the specimens with such representative characteristics occupying 70% of the total number of the specimens from Yunnan and Xizang(Tibet). 5 ) The posterior end of nasals broader than that of thibetana, being rectangular in appearance. distribution: N.W.Yunnan,S.E.Xizang(Tibet).3. Ochotona curzoniae(Hodgson, 1858)Allied to O.daurica, separated from the latter by its skull with very prominent, bowed summit as seen in profile, and a larger depth of skull (17.9 + 0.08mm, n = 58; as against 16.9±0.15mm,n= 16), and a lesser bu-llae(10.6±0.08mm,n = 37 as against 12.1±0.13mm, n=16). On the other hand, the two species are overlapping in distribution in E. Qinghai(Chin-ghai) province.On the electrophoretic comparision of the serum protein and hemoglobin in the two species, a discussion was also made by ZHOU Yucan and XIA Wuping(1981).They reported that the serum in O.curzoniae was separated into 18 components by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of serum protein, while in O.daurica there were only 15 separated components and two blank zones appeared. By the disc electrophoresis of hemoglobin(Hb), in curzoniae Hb was separated into 4 components, but in daurica only 2 components and no secondary components appeared, and so on.Based on these facts, we consider that curzoniae must be an independent species rather than a subspecies of daurica.Distribution: Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau,including W.Sichuan.4. Ochotona macrotis (Gunther, 1875)The characteristics and the profile of the skull are apparently close to O.roylei of China(= O.r.chinensis), but distinguished from the those from Kashmir area( = O.r.wardi) by the arched skull with a larger depth of it (19.0 + 0.18mm in average as against 16.8±0.41mm).The two species, however, may be distinguished by morphological differences in the following points: 1) .The inside of ears of the macrotis thickly clad with longer hairs than that of roylei.

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THE KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS OF CITELLUS DAURICUS

MA Jixia¹, LI Xiang^1,2, LI Shuhe^1,3

1985, 5(4):  291-298. 

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The karyotypes were studied in 794 bone marrow cells from 11 Citellus dauricus (6 males and 5 females). The chromosome numbers of each cell were counted and analysed 89.17 per cent of 794 counted cells had the di-ploid number(2n= 36). The relative length, arm ratio and centromere index of each chromosome were calculated by measurements of 20 haploid chromosome sets(10 cells of each sex).The length and the size of the sex-chromosomes was very different from the autosomes. The results indicated that the X-chromosome was the largest one and the Y-chromosome was the smallest one in a diploid chromosome set.It was not difficult to find secondary constriction to occur regularly in certain regicrs cf lorg aim cf chromosome 10.

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ON THE RODENT FAUNA AND REGIONALIZATION OF NORTHEAST REGIONS IN LOESS PLATEAU

LAING Junxun¹, ZHANG Jun²

1985, 5(4):  299-309. 

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This paper deals with the rodent fauna and its regionalization in the basins of Sanggan River and Hutuo River in the northeast of loess plateau. There are 16 species of rodents belong to 2 orders 6 familiesCtable 1 ).Based on the characteristics of the rodent fauna and landscape, we proposed that the northeast part of loess plateau may be divided into 2 rodent region provinces and 5 rodent prefectures as follows (Fig. 1 ) :I . Sanggan River province of Citellus, Meriones, and Myospalax.I ₁. Zhangjiakou-Huailai basin prefecture of C. dauricus, there are 13 species of rodents in this prefecture.I ₂. Datong-Yangyuan basin prefecture of C.dauricus, Mer. unguiculatus, Mer.meridianus and My.fontameri.1l species of rodents in this prefecture.I 3. Zuoyun-Youyu hill prefecture of Mer.meridianus and Cricetulus ba-rabensis.I₂ rodent species in this prefecture. II. Hutuo River province of Citellus, Myospalax and Meriones.II₁Xin-Ding basin rodent prefecture of C.dauricus and Mer.meridianus 11species of rodents in this prefecture. II₂. Daying mountain-hill rodent prefecture of Myospalax fcntanieri and Cri. longicaudalus. 9 species of rodents in this prefecture.

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STUDIES ON STRYCHNINE FOR CONTROLLING PLATEAU ZOKOR(MYOSPALAX BAILEYI)

FAN Naichang, JING Zengchun, WANG Quanys

1985, 5(4):  311-316. 

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This work was carried out on alpine meadow of Zeku and Menyuan Country of Qinghai Province in September, 1983,and in June,July, 1984.Strychnine was used to kill the plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi) in laboratory and field trials.The LD₅₀ is 23.12 mg/kg for the white rat and 15.65mg/kg for the zokor respectively.The poisoned rodents die after 5 minutes, but dead peak appears within 10-40 minutes.A fox and six white rats were fed with the dead rats poisoned by strychnine and secondary poisoning had not been observed.In field tests,using three different kinds of baits with 0.6% strychnine all poisoned the zokor effectively,among them,the potato poisoning bait was the best,with an efficiency of 67.83%.