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20 May 1984, Volume 4 Issue 2

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RELATIONS IN THE TOOTH SEQUENCE,AGE AND ONTOGENY OF RHESUS MONKEYS (MACACA MULATTA)

ZENG Zhongxing¹, BAI Shouchang², CHEN Yuanlian²

1984, 4(2):  81-87. 

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The Growth of teeth among 44 rhesus monkeys under domesticated condition were observed and briefly reported in this paper.According to other data, the authors discussed the tooth patterns in correlation with age and ontogeny.They pointed out that in regard to tooth pattern or tooth sequence, the breeding age of male rhesus monkeys oughtnot earlier than the early stage of tooth pattern and for (2·1·2·2)/(2·1·2·3) the female,not earlier than the early stage of tooth pattern (2·1·2·2)/(2·1·2·2).

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KARYOTYPE OF PANGOLIN (MANIS PENTADACTYLA AURITA)

QUAN Guoqiang¹, WANG Zongren¹, FANG Lixiang²

1984, 4(2):  89-92. 

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The pangolin (Manis pentadactyla aurita) is a rare precious animal.The peripheral blocd and marrow cell sampled from a male pangolin in Guizhou province was cultured and its karyotype, G-banging pattern were observed. The pangolin appeared to have a diploid chromosome number of 38.Among autosomes there were 10 metacentrics, 22 submetacentrics and 4 acrocentrics. The X chromosome was an acrocentric with Satellite body, while the Y chromosome was the smallest submetacentric.

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A STUDY ON CHINESE APODEMUS WITH A DISCUSSION OF ITS RELATIONS TO JAPANESE SPECIES

XIA Wuping

1984, 4(2):  93-98. 

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Six species of Apodemus in China are revealed, through a review of literatures ard a study of a great deal of specimens.A. sylvaticus,distributed in the western border of China, is related to the European and Middle Asian form,the other 5 Species, Viz A. draco, A. pensinsulae, A. latronum, A. chevricri and A. aprarius, are widely distributed in eastern and middle China. They all cccur in Hengduan Mountain, i. e, the area including western Sichuan, eastern Xizang and Yunnan. I think, this area may be one of the places of origin of the present genus. The complicated environments, especially the Violent changes in altitude provide conditions of survival for different species.Originating from this area, in the subgenus Sylvaemus, A. draco is distributed to Taiwan Province, it may have got into Japan through Ryu-Kyu northward, and have certain relation with A. agenteus. In the north, A. peninsulae is distributed to Korea and Siberia ar.d from Siberia to Sakhalin and to Hokkaido where it exists as A. P. glliacus; and from Korea it might come to Honshu where it developed to be A. speciosus. In the subgenus Apodemus, A. agrarius might be formed too late, although it occurs in Taiwan, it did not get into Japan. A. chevrieri and A. latronum has never reached the seashore provinces.

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STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE HOARY BAMBOO RAT(RHIZOMYS PRUINOSUS BLYTH)

XU Longhui

1984, 4(2):  99-105. 

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This work was carried out in the north of Guangdong province,China, from Mar.1981.to May,1982. 217 individuals of bamboo Tat(Rhizomys pruinosus)were captured.the materials were analysed and the results are as follows.1. The bamboo rat usually lives alone, except the breeding period.2. The bamboo rat uses its incisors and feet to dig out the burrow, which is relatively simple.It is consist of several parts, which are some tunnels, a nest,a hole for hidden,and a clear opening on the ground.3. Most of the bamboo rats breed in spring,the litter size is about 1-5 and the mean is 2.17(29 instances).The newborn sucklings are hairless, and their eyes are closed until 28-30 days and they are weaned at about 56-78 days.4. The bamboo rats live on the roots and stems of plants, but the awns and the bamboos are their staple natural diet.5. The bamboo rat is rather meek, and maybe easily raised.

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PRELIMINARY RESEARCH ON ECOLOGY OF THE PLATEAU PICA AT DAWU AREA, GUOLUO, QINGHAI PROVINCE

SHEN Shiying, CHEN Yigeng

1984, 4(2):  107-115. 

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This paper deals the ecological survey of the plateau pica (Ochctona cursoniae), it was carried out in the alpine meadow of Dawu area, Guoluo of southern plateau of Qinghai province.The plateau pica prefers herbage and the average fresh herbage taken everyday was 62.78g. They damage grass and so seriously that secondary bare lands may be formed. In the light harm area, it is 15.54 percent cf the total area and 10.46kg of fresh herbage may be lost every mu. In serious areas gererally so called "Black sands" may be formed, lacking any plants. The plateau pick breed only once a year in this area. The pregnancy period is from the last ten days of April to the middle ten days cf July. The peak of pregnancy is in May, the rate of gestation is 93%. The mean number of embryo is 3.56. In the September of this year, the mean weight of young is 128.81g, which is 90.6% of the adult weight, but the youngs can not breed within the year.The population replacement is rather quickly, and the young get 74.4% of the total population in the later season.The minimum number of the plateau pica is in April and the maximum in July, their reduction begin from November.

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DERATIZATION WITH PLASTICS FILM PACKING POISON BAIT

1984, 4(2):  116-116. 

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CONSULTATION OF USING THE WEIGHT AND LENGTH TO DETERMINE THE AGE OF STRIPED FIELD MOUSE

WANG Qishan¹, YE Wenhu², TAN Mingwen³, CHEN Jiaxia³, ZHANG Dayong⁴

1984, 4(2):  117-126. 

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In this paper, the sample striped field mouse Apodemus agrarius ning-poensis Swinhoe was taken from Huai-nan district. In stead of using the grinding degree of the molars to determine the age of the mouse, we used the weight and length as the indexes to divide 2023 mice into 5 groups. juvenile, subadults, 1st stage of adult, 2nd stage of adult and senex. The result shows that there are positive correlation between the weight and length of the mouse to its age.By statistical analysis, it shows that the weight and length of various age groups are significantly different (Table 4 & 8 ). Cosidering its short life, we may suggest that the mouse grows continually all its life.Though there are some overlaps in the weight and length distribution of different age groups (Table 6 & 9 ). Thus, using the weight and length to divide age groups is suitable.Using the length to determine the age of pregnant mouse is more suitable than using weight. This is because the length changes lesser than the weight, it is more accurate.To small animals, such as striped field mouse, to divide them into groups of juvenile, subadults, adults and senex are quite enough.It is accurate to determine the age groups of the mouse by the grinding degree of the molars,but it is too elaborative and is difficult to use widely in countryside. Using weight and length to determine the age of mouse are easy and quick, it saves time and labour, and is more accurate in population analysis. Using the weight and length to determine the age of striped field mouse are popularly both in theory and practice.

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THE AGE ESTIMATION AND AGE STRUCTURE IN THE POPULATION OF RATTUS NIVIVENTER CONFUCIANUS

BAG Yixin, ZHUGE Yang

1984, 4(2):  127-137. 

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Based upon the lens weight of R. n. confucianus, 4 age groups were recognized.The standards of these age groups were listed below:Group 1. Juvenile: The lens weight was less than 18.0mg.Group 2. Subadult: The lens weight was 18.1-26.0mg.Group 3. Adult: The lens weight was 26.1-34.0mg.Group 4. Older: The lens weight was more than 34.1mg.The correlation coefficients of lens weight on tail length, body length and body weight were 0.8385, 0.8337 and 0.7945 respectively.In estimating the age of this rat, several characters, also cculd be used such as teeth wear,body weight, body length and tail length, but the lens weight was the most accurate.Juveniles appeared in May and July-November, and were superior in numbers in August. Subadults occupied a dominant position from October to January,and were replaced by adults between February and May. The numbers of olders increased in June and July, and decreased in autumn and winter.

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THE PREDICTION TO FLUCTUATIONS IN HOME MOUSE (Mus musculus) POPULATION AND STUDIES OF MECHANISM

YAN Zhitang, ZHONG Mingming

1984, 4(2):  139-146. 

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Population fluctuations on home mouse in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 1972 to 1983 have no periodicity, so that it's rather difficult to predict the population fluctuations on house mouse.Seven new regression equatior.s that can estimate the wild house mouse population number eleven months earlier than it's actual cccurence have been made. The highest number of house mouse population next year or this year may be calculated by the following formulas:1. M₁₀= 5.60x + 5.80 Where M₁₀ represents the highest number of house mouse population in next year (as following, except the formula 4, where M₁₀ represents the highest number of house mouse population in this year), x represents the ratios among the olds and adults to subadults in October-Novem-ber;2. M₁₀=0.30x+5.28Where x represents the rate of pregnancy of adults in October;3. M₁₀=4.19x-13.56 Where x represents the number of embryo of adults in October;4. Ml0=4.80x+11.88Where x represents the April's number of house mouse population;5. M₁₀= 3.298x₁+ 0.142x₂ + 6.107Where xt represents the ratios among the olds and adults to subadults, x₂ represents the rate of pregnancy;6. M₁₀ = 4.717x₁ + 0.609x₂+ 4.811 Where xt represents the ratios among the olds and adults to subadults, x₂ represents the number of embryo;7. M₁₀ = 0.2l9x₁ + 1.594x₂-3.067 Where x₁ represents the rate of pregnancy, x₂ represents the number of embryo. It is clear that the fluctuations in house mouse population are a process of self-regulation which must be controled by the highest population last year, and at the same time has an influence on the population number of next year. This is due to the function of density-dependence.These results obtained from above-mentioned formulas to predict the highest number of house mouse population in 1983 are satisfactory.These values of prediction are 14.76 to 18.81%, the value of actual investigation is 15,84%,

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CIRCADIAN LOCOMOTOR RHYTHMS OF THE TREE SHREW (TUPAIA GLIS)UNDER CONSTANT LIGHT CONDITIONS

XU Huiming¹, LI Yongcai²

1984, 4(2):  147-150. 

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Three quantities, circadian period, amount of activity, and ratio of activity time to rest time of circadian locomotor rhythms (C.L.R.) in the tree shrew,were measured under the influence of two constant light intensities. When light intensity was increased from 10 lx to 100 lx, the circadian period decreased, showing that Aschoff's rule may be valid for this day active species but does not tally with the facts of diurnal primate species and that the light's influence on the C.L.R. in the tree shrew is the same as in lower animals, the ratio of activity time to rest time was larger under 100 lx than under 10 lx of continuous light, but a consistent change in the amount of activity did not occur between both light intensities.

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A NEW SUBSPECIES OF THE TIBETAN PIKA FROM CHINA

SHOU Zhongcan¹, FENG Zuojian²

1984, 4(2):  151-154. 

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In a small mammalian survey conducted in eastern Qinghai Province during from May to September,1983,6 specimens of Tibetan Pika were collected. After a careful study, we considered them to be new to science and propose to name them as:Ochotona thibetana xunfiwaensis,nov.subsp.Holotype.l ♀,No.83042,ad.,collected from Mongda Tian-chi(alt.2400m), Xunhua County,in the eastern frontier of Qinghai,on June 18,1983.Kept in the Institute of Research and Control of Local Diseases of Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai. Paratypes. 6 ♂♂♂♂,Nos, 83029,83030,83043,83049,83051, 83052,ad., collected from the same locality as the holotype on June 16-20,1983.Depsoited in the Institute of Research and Control of Lccal Diseases of Qinghai Province, Xining,Qingha.i and in the Institute of Zoology,Academia,Sinica, Beijing.Diagnosis. The new subspecies is distinguished from O.t.thibetana,O.t. sacraria,O.t.lhasaensis and O. t. aliensis by its more flattened frontal and parietal bones and a lesser depth of skull(see Table 3).O.t.xurihuaensis resembles O.t.huangensis in the colour of the upper surface,but its underparts in the summer are greyish white or dirty white instead of ochracous or dirty buff.Its mastoid width of skull is also broader (17.8±0.19,n=6)than that of O.t.huangensis is(16.6±0.15, n=15).This subspecies differs from O.t.nangqenica in having its dorsal surface of brown colour,while in the latter subspecies the back and rump are dull mouse-greyish brown without any rufous tint. Besides,the ears of the new subspecies are smaller (usually less than 20mm, on average) than the latter (over 20mm).Specimens examined. (1)O.t.thibetana,42♀♀,44♂♂,western Sichuan, northwestern Yunnan and eastern Xizang (Tibet) ; (2)O. t. sacraria, 14♀♀, 6♂♂,western Sichuan(3)O.t.huangensis, 12♀♀,23♂♂,Taibaishan,Qinling (Tsingling)Mountains,southwestern Shaanxi;(4)O.t.Thasaensis,7♀♀,8♀♀ 2♀♀,southern Xizang(Tibet);(5)O.t.aliensis,10♀♀,22♂♂,western Xizang (Tibet);(6)O.t.nangqenica,6♀♀,8♀♀,southern Qinghai.

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PRELIMINARY RESEARCHES ON THE MAMMALIAN FAUNA OF SHANDONG PROVINCE

1984, 4(2):  155-158. 

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THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON THE CIRCADING LOCOMOTOR RHYTHM IN THE TREE SHREW,TUPAIA GLIS

¹

1984, 4(2):  159-160. 

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