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20 July 1983, Volume 3 Issue 1

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ARTERIAL SYSTEM OF RHINOPITHECUS

YE Zhizhang, PENG Yanzhang, LIU Shuilin, ZHANG Yaoping

1983, 3(1):  1-8. 

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The article deals with an investigation on gross dissection of arterial system among Rhinopithecus roxellanae, R, bieti and R. brelichi. The results examined for the three species ( 6 specimens ) and the differences among them are as follows.1. Two branches arc given off from the arch of the aorta, viz. the common trunk and the left subclavian. the branches of Snub-nosed Monkeys belong to C type mentioned by Glidden and De Garis(1936).2. The external carotid bifurcate into anterior and posterior trunks. The bifurcation consist with basal branched type of the external carotids in primates, except Gibbon and man.3. In Rhinopithecus the two anterior cerebral arteries build Willis'circle unite to become an anterior cerebral common artery, resembling to those of New and Old World monkeys, but not like to those of apes and man.4. None of the costocervical and thyrocervical trunks take rise to subclavian artery in Rhinopithecus, suprema intercostal artery and inferior thyroid artery are also absent.5. The axillary artery and the branchial artery of Rhinopithecus give off 3-4 trunks separatively. The latter arises from the radial artery and the ulnar artery at a level of the elbow. In this case, it is resembling those of Presbytis,all apes and man.6. Arcus palmaris superficialis and profoundus, like anthropoid apes, are seen to occur in hands of Rhinopithecus, but there is only an arcus palmaris superf icialis in common monkeys.7. All of the intercostal arteries are arisen from the thoracic aorta.8. The inferior epigastric artery and the medial femoral circumflex artery of bieti and roxellanae are given off from the internal iliac artery,while those of brelichi arise from the external iliac artery.9. The external femoral circumflex and two perforating arteries originate from the profundus femoral artery in Rhinopithecus.10. In both roxellanae and brelichi the saphenous artery is continued f.s an dor- salis profundus pedal artery, while in bieti it is the continuation of the anterior tibial artery, as seen in man.11. The pedes of bieti possess both arcus plantaris superficialis and profundus, but those of roxellanae and brelichi only one arcus plantaris profundus.

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RESEARCH ON THE TRUNK AND APPENDAGE BONES OF THE GOLDEN MONKEY ( RHINOPITHECUS ROXELLANAE)

LUO Shiyou¹, XIE Wenzhi¹, CHEN Fuguan², MIN Zhilan²

1983, 3(1):  9-15. 

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This paper describes the trunk bones and the appendage bones of the golden monkey ( Rhinopithecus roxellanae ) . After comparing with rhesus macaqus ( Macaco mulatta) and fracois'leaf monkey(Presbytis francoisi), the authors found the following remarkable differences:1. The shoulder girdle has many morphological difference among the three monkeys. The scapular index of the golden monkey is over 110, but the indexes of the other two are under 90.2. The vertical and cross diameters of the pelvis of the golden monkey are larger than that of the rhesus monkey and fracois'leaf monkey. The two iliums of the golden monkey are slightly inclined dorsally, so that the pelvis also inclines from dorsal to ventral.3. The morphology and position of the tubers and trochanters of the appendage bones are different among the three species.The above variations are related to the living manner of the golden monkey, They live on the trees all the time for food and often spring between branches suddenly and violently their forelimbs require more rotating ability, so that the scapulas, the clavicles, the sternum and the humerus have taken place some variations. When they climb and set on the trees they alwayes keep erect posture, so that their pelvis has some morphological variations. These variations may be ecological adaptation at first, but through a long evolutional process, and natural selection, they became intrinsically, and fixed finally.

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NOTES ON THE BASIC CHARACTER OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FOR RHINOPITHECUS

PENG Yanzhang, YE Zhizhang, ZHANG Yaoping, LIU Shuilin

1983, 3(1):  17-25. 

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The present paper carries on investigation in the respiratory system of three golden monkeys-Rhinopithecus roxellanae, R. bieti and R. brelichi. The chief morphological difference among them basing on the data of the gross dissection, are as follows.1. It is worthy to note that none of the accessory air sinuses is developed, but there is a bulla ethmoidalis in bieti (1♀. ad.).2. fncisura i nterary taenoidea of bieti is not observable but it is very markable in roxellanae and brelichi.3. There is a cranial median incisure of epiglottis cartilage in brelichi, but absent in roxellanae and bieti.4. On the arytenoid cartilage muscular process is very sharp and the vocal process is oviform in bieti, which are contrary in brelichi, and intermediate in roxellanae.5. The corniculate cartilage ot both bieti and brelichi is fan-shaped but bar-sh-ap o d in roxellanae.6. The right lung of brelichi has six lobes. The lower lobe is subdivided into an upper part and a lowcr one, so that the lobes of the right lung are: ( a ) superior, ( b ) middle, ( c ) superior lower, (d) inferior lower, ( e ) azygos and ( f ) the a ccessory lobe. There are five lobes in bieti of which the lower lobe is not subdivided, four lobes in roxellanae of which the accessory lobe is lacking.7. The azygos lobes of bieti and brelichi are entirely separated from the middle lobes, but are not entirely separated in roxellanae.8. The right infrapericardic bursae arc existing in bieti and brelichi, while the left inf rapericardic bursae arc only seen in the roxellanae, without the right one.

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A COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PRELIMINARY GENERALIZATION OF PRIMATES ( Ⅱ )—GENERALIZATION OF THE SIZE-RELATIONSHIP OK STIMULI IN GOLDEN MONKEYS ( Rhinopithecus roxellanae)

LIN Guobin, WAN Chuanwen, GAO Fangpu, LIU Fan

1983, 3(1):  27-33. 

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This experiment was performed in two golden monkeys ( Rhinopithecus roxellan-ae), 2 yr. 6 months and 3 yr. 6 months of age respectively. The method was similar to that of experiment ( I ) .At the beginning of the experiment, the subjects were trained to discriminate two triangles that were different in size. Then the generalization-tests with stimuli of variant forms and size were given. The apparatus was a modification of the Wisconsin General Test Apparatus ( WGTA ), but the animals were required to respond in pushing a box with the stimulus in it, rather than displacing the stimulus. The results showed that the animals were able to transfer from the basic training to generalization tests at different levels.

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ON ECOLOGY AND ENERGY DYNAMICS OF MASKED POLECAT ( MUSTELA EVERSMANNI) IN HAIBEI QINGHAI PROVINCE

ZHENG Shengwu, ZENG Jinxiang, CUI Ruixian

1983, 3(1):  35-46. 

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We had observed the ecology of the masked polecat ( Mustela cvcrsmanni ), and had measured the caloric values of its body digestibility and assimilation at Menyuan Horse-Breeder Ranch ( about 3250m in altitude), Qinghai Province from 1976 to 1981.The masked polecat is carnivore it blongs to secondary consumer in the alpine meadow ecosystems, and it is important on energe flow and material circulation.The food habits of the masked polecat were investigation by stomach content analysis, of which 73 stomachs were examined C tab. 1).The species is a typical carnivore, and its food consists almost exclusively of rodents, namely Ochctona curzon-iae, Myospalax fontanierii, Microtus oeconomus which were 86.0% of the total stomachs observed. The digestibility rate of masked polecat is 86.57±0.48%, the assimilation rate-78.61±0.48%.The masked polecat began to copulate in the Mar. -Apr., at this time the males were especially active.The reproduct only once a year, the litter size is generally two to eight, and averagely 5.25±1.25.One study plot which was chosen for obtaining a number of masked polecat in its typical habitats, was 58.253 hectares. The density was averagely has 0.1 animal per hectare.Caloric values of the animals body were 6.000±.066 kcal/g averagely for the whole year. and they were different during different seasons, namely 1.835±0.117; 1.699±0.087 and 2.16±0.059 kcal/g for the green up period ( Apr. to June ) Excuber-ance ( July to Aug. ) and Withering period ( Sept. to Nov. ) respectively ( tab. 4 ).

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THE CHANGING OF CORTICOSTERONE LEVEL IN NATIVE OCHOTONA CURZONIAE

DU Jizeng, LI Qingfen, CHEN Xiaoguang

1983, 3(1):  47-52. 

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The paper reported a circadian rhythm of corticosterone level and effect of acute simulated altitude on corticosterone concentration in native Ochotona curzoniae, and compared those effects between O. curzoniae and rats.In corticosterone secretion of O. curzoniae there was a circadian rhythm changing within a narrow range.The secretory high tide of corticosterone appeared at about 8 o'clock A. M. : plasma corticosterone concetration was 2.0±0.25μg/100ml (X±SE),adrenal corticosterone content was 0.21±0.020μg/100mg. But the secretory low tide was at about 3 o'clock P. M.: corticosterone levels were respectively 1.60±0.24μg/100ml and 0.17±0.026μg/100mg. The circadian rhythm of corticosterone in 0. curzoniae showed marked different from that in rats. After being simulated altitude exposure for 24 hours, the adrenal function of rats presented a significant activation with the rise in altitude. The corticosterone level of plasma and adrenal gland in O. curzoniae at thealtitude of 5000m was the same as that in control O. curzoniae maintained at the altitude of 2,300m. As altitude rose to 8,000m, adrenal corticosterone level of O. curzoniae began to rise, but it was not significant statistically.

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INVESTIGATIONS OF AGE STRUCTURE IN POPULATION OF HOUSE MOUSE (Mus musculus L. ) AND THE PREDICTION TO THE POPULATION NUMBER

YAN Zhitang, LI Chunqiu, ZHU Shengkan

1983, 3(1):  53-63. 

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A total of 2945 skulls of house mice were collected from Taxihe, Manas county in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 1972 to 1979. To compare the upper molar wears in skulls, the ages of mice can be known and four age groups were divided. Both body length and weight of house mice vary with their ages.It is clear that the ratios among the olds and adults to subadults before winter in different years are closely relevant to the population number in the next year statistically.One regression equation used for predication is derived:M₁₀ = 5.60x+ 5.80where M₁₀ represents the hightest number in the next year and x represents the ratios. In addition, the reproduction state of the house mice before winter, was considered.

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TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF THE HEMOGLOBIN POLYMORPHISM IN FLUCTUATING POPULATION OF FERAL HOUSE MOUSE

Zhou Yucan

1983, 3(1):  65-71. 

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The feral house mouse ( Mus musculus)is one of the main pest rodents in the farming area in North Xinjiang and had history of outbreak. The temporal dynamics of the hemoglobin polymorphic types in fluctuating population was analysed by means of polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis in different seasons. It was found that there are 6 polymorphic types and 6Hb components from 101 specimens over analysis of five periods. Their changes are very multiplicity with season(from spring to winter) and population number ( from low to high ), but the general tendency of changeis from single toward complex.The distribution of the six polymorphic types in the mice for different season is as following:two types in April, 1980 three types in June. 1980five types in August and October, 1980three types in June, 1981.Among six types, the type I and type Ⅳ are common for all seasons. The type [ is only present in mice of June and August of the high number year (1980), and it is not only appeared more early but also disappeared more quickly. It looks as if it plays a signal role for high number year. The type V and Ⅳ is only appeared in August and October when the population density is very high and disappeared when it lives through the winter.The distribution of six Hb components is not identical in every polymorphic type. There are only two components in type I; three in tgpe Ⅱ; four in type Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅳ; five in type V. Among six components the A-component only exist in type Ⅳ and is the slowest for velocity in electrophoretic migartion. The F-component exist in types Ⅳ and V,is the most quickly for the velocity in migration.The I) and E arc both common components and major components for all types. They arc evidently different from other components,due to their bands are broader and the red colour is deeper before stained and darker after stained.

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THE COMPARATIVE STUDY ON GAS METABOLISM IN THREE RODENTS

WEI Zhengda, WANG Weaji

1983, 3(1):  73-84. 

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Three species of rodents were studied on metabolism and thermoregulation, They arc mandarin vole (Microtus mandarinus ) . fossorial! ratlike hamster ( Cricclu lus triton), burrowing; buff-breasted rat ( Rattus flavipccius ), above ground.Their body temperature ( T_b ), oxygen consumption ( ml0₂/g.h ) and body weight ( W ) were measured at different ambient temperatures ( T_a ), 5°,10°,20°,25°,30°, 35℃.The differences of oxygen consumption in the tiree spcies as due to the differences of their body weights were adjusted with the method analysis of covariance, and the mean minimum oxygen consumption of each species in resting slate was taken as the basal metabolic rate ( BMR ) : in mandarin vole, the BMR at an ambient temperature of 20℃, being 3.07 m10₂/g.h, and rat-like hamster and buff-breasted rat at 25℃, T_abeing 2.31 m10₂/g.h and 2.62 m10₂/g.h respectively.( table 2 ).

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PREPUTIAL GLAND OF Rattus rattoides ATTRACTANT FUNCTION AND ITS SEASONAL CHANGE

LiAO Chonghui

1983, 3(1):  85-91. 

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Attractant funtion of preputial gland and its useful possibility are discussed through the method of field attract-catch: squeeze the preputial gland`s secretion out from the adult Rattus rattoides just caught, and insert the straw with secretion's track into the artificial cave in field, and install a mousetrap in the mouth of the cave for catch the same species.The catch ratio of the experiment group has reached to 62%, and the control group is only 15%.Either adult of the same sex or the opposite sex can be seduced by preputial gland's secretion of a female adult,but it is more seductive to the lat-ter than to the former. The seduction of male preputial gland has not marked sexual differnce, which has relation with the male territory behavior.The prcputial gland of adult has more secretion than that of the young which has left its nest. Both volume of secretion and strength of seduction vary with seasons. They are greater between June and August than in April or December.The former seduction coeficient(expcrimcntal catches/control cntches)have reached2.8 and 2.6, and in the latter time It is only 1.3 or 0.8.

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RESISTANCE TO ANTICOAGULANTS IN RATTUS FLAVIPECTUS

¹

1983, 3(1):  91-92. 

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THE BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF BRODIFACOUM AND DIFENACOUM

DENG Zhi, PAN Fenggeng

1983, 3(1):  93-98. 

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Biological evaluation of second generation anticoagulants, brodifacoum and difenacoum, was carried out in 1980-1981. The samples of these anticoagulants were synthesized by Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Academy of Military Medical Sciences.Determinations of acute ( single dose ) and chronic( 5 consecutive daily doses ) oral toxicities were performed on Rattus norvegicus, R. flavipectus, Mus musculus, R, losea, Apodemus chevrieri, Cricetus triion, Microtus brandti, Meriones unguicula-tus, Citellus dauricus and Ochotona curzonise, etc.Meriones unguiculatus and Citellus dauricus are very sensitive to brodifacoum. The values of LD₅₀ are as low as 0.003mg/kg and 0.093mg/kg respectively. Cricetus triton and Microtus brandti are very resistant to difenacoum. The values of LD₅₀ are as high as 112.4mg/kg and 29.96mg/kg respectively.

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COMMENTS ON LUO'S “A SYSTEMATIC EWREVI OF THE CHINESE CAPE HARE, Lepus capensis LINNAEUS”

ZHAO Tieqiao, Zheng Changlin, ZHOU Li

1983, 3(1):  99-106. 

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Luo(1981)used a fuzzy clustering method to study the subspecies differentiation center of the Chinese cape hare,Lepus capensisL. Hepointed that the range of L. c swinhoci Thomas was probably the place of origin or distributional center in China and said his work had brought forth new ideas in theriology. We can not agree with him and make comments on lots of questions, faults and mistakes in his paper. The serious ones were about numerical taxonomy in a wide range from character choice to result explanation, run through the whole operational process. Nevertheless, we believe that numerical taxonomic as well as fuzzy clustering methods should be able to be applied to our theriological research and that more attemptions with correct methodology and rigorous scientific approach are required.

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COLLECTIONS OF RECENT MAMMALS IN CHINA

WANG Sung¹, JING Shanke¹, WANG Zonyi²

1983, 3(1):  113-118. 

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There has been little information concerning collections of Recent mammals in China. In order to gather data on the general situation of the mammalian collections of China, two surveys have been made to most of the institutions, museums and universities in the various provinces of China except Taiwan. As the result of the first survey during mid-1970s,a distributional list of specimens in the order of species deposited in the institutions colaborating in the compilation of the mammalian volumes of FAUNA SINICA was compiled and distributed. The second survey conducted recently reveals the existence of 35 collections containing at least 66,196 specimens. Nineteen of these collections are found to containing more than 500 specimens,occupying 95.9% of the whole amount of specimens in collections of Recent mammals in China, while two collections containing more than 10,000 specimens and three collections containing more than 5,000 specimens occupying 68.9% of the whole amount of specimens in collections of Recent mammals in China.These collections are listed in descending order of size in the following table ( Table 1 ) .