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20 July 1981, Volume 1 Issue 2

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NOTES ON RHINOPITHECUS ROXELLAN AE BRELICHI THOMAS

QUAN Guoqiang¹, XIE Jiahua²

1981, 1(2):  113-116. 

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So far as is known, Rhinopithecus roxellanae brelichi was first described as a species based on a skin only by Thomas, 1903. Since then, no further specimens or information were obtained and reported. Its existance and abundance have long been doubted in zoology. In this paper, the authors present some new materials of their surveys on this rarest monkey in Guizhou. Five specimens including skins and skulls of both male and female were obtained with their measurements being shown in the Chinese text. As comparing with the two other subspecies, R.r .roxellanae and R.r.bieti, aside from its much greyish pelage, the Guizhou subspecies also shows some characteristics in its skull, such as the posterior edge of the palate being arched anteriorly instead of being pointed at the middle portion, the posterior nasal spine being absent as well as the molars being narrower. Nevertheless, according to its external feature and the structure of its skull, the authors are of the opinion of treating the Guizhou golden monkey as a subspecies of R.roxellanae rather than a valid species. As concerning to its population size, the authors would estimate as about 200 and more individuals in its limited distributional range based on direct observations by the local people. Therefore, it is one of the most endangered species of primates in China. Some data concerning to its habitats and habits as well as the proposal on its conservation measures are also discussed.

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THE MYOLOGY OF THE BAIJI, VEXILLIFER (Odontoceti.Lipotidae)LIPOTES I SKIN MUSCLES,FORELIMB MUSCLES,TRUNK AND TAIL MUSCLES

ZHOU Kaiya QIAN Weijuan

1981, 1(2):  117-126. 

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13 stin muscles, 15 shoulder and flipper muscles, 8 pectoral muscles, 4 abdominal muscles, 13 neck, back and tail muscles of the Baiji, Lipotes vexillifer, are described in this account.There are two clearly defined sheets of the panniculus carnosus on both sides of the trunk. The outer, intermediate and inner layers of the maxillonasalis are not subdivided into anterior and posterior parts. The aponeurosis of the maxillonasalis externus has undergone hypertrophy to form a structure formerly referred to "floating bone" by Hinton and Pycraft, the maxillonasalis tendinous plate. The function of the latter concerns probably with the opening and closing of the blowhole and the adjustment of the vestibular air sac. The shoulder and flipper muscles are characterized by the presence of the trapezius and the absence of the triceps and coracobrachialis. The number of the shoulder and flipper muscles is half of that of the terrestrial mammals. The weight of the epaxial muscles which lie along the upper side of the backbone is two times of that of the hypaxial muscles.

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A PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION ON THE CAUSE OF THE DISASTROUS DEATH OF GIANT PANDA (AILUROPODA MELANOLEUCA)

YANG Ruoli ZHANG Fuyun LUO Wenying

1981, 1(2):  127-135. 

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The disastrous death of the Giant Panda in 1976 in Southern Gansu was a result from the extensive blossom and drying-to-death of Fargesia spathaeca, which brought the Giant Panda a long-term malnutrition. The blossom of Fargesia spathacea is generally periodical under normal conditions. However, the extensive blossom occurring in Southern Gansu during 1969-1976 as mentioned above was probally related to the anomalies of geophysics and geochemistry, which might be caused by the powerful and recurrent earthquake of its neighbouring area Sungpan-pingwu district, Szechuan, and it may have influenced the regular physiographical activities of Fargesia spathacea. The blossom of Fargesia spathacea was synchronized with the earthquake, a strong structural movement of theearth.

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CHINESE PRECIOUS HYDROPOTES IN ERMIS

1981, 1(2):  135-136. 

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ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF BEARS IN CHINA

MA Yiqing

1981, 1(2):  137-144. 

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The bear is the greatest animal of terrestrial Carnivora. Formerly, the bears had more widespread distributions in forest regions of China and were more common during the fourth and the fifth decades of this century. But today the bears are rare, reduced both in number and range of distribution in our country, because of the overhunting and the destruction of their habitats.Nowadays, there are three species and nine subspecies of bears in China.1 Brown bear Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758There are three subspecies of the brown bear in China. Ursus arctos Isabellinus (Horsfield, 1826) Ursus arctos pruinosus (Blyth, 1853) Ursus arctos lasiotus (Gray, 1867)2 Black bear Selenarctos thibetanus G.Cuvier, 1823 There are five subspecies of the black bear in China Selenartos thibetanus thibetanus (G.Cuvier, 1823) Selenartos thibetanus laniger Pocock, 1932 Selenartos thibetanus mupinensis (Heude, 1901) Selenartos thibetanus formosanus (Swinhoe, 1864) Selenartos thibetanus ussuricus (Heude, 1901)3 Malayan sun bear Helarctos malayanus Raffles, 1822 Helarctos malayanus wardi (Lydekker, 1906)The geographical distributions are given in the map.Some species or subspecies of the above bears should be given legal protection and scientific management in our country.This work is already in progress, though very slow.

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A NEW SUBSPECIES OF M.FLAVIGULA FROM HAINAN ISLAND

HSU Lunghui¹, WU Jiayan²

1981, 1(2):  145-148. 

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This paper presents a new subspecies of Maries flavigula, collected from Hainan Island, Guangdong Province, China, which we propose to name as:Martes flavigula hainana, subsp.nov.Holotype:No.066, abult female, collected on August 25, 1960, from Xinlong District, Hainan Island, Guangdong Province.Paratype: No.169, adult male, collected in Fabruary, 1957, from Dali district, Hainan Island, GuangdongProvince.The holotype is deposited at the Institute of Entomology of Guangtung province, Guangzhou. And the paratype is deposited at Department of Biology of Fudan University, Shanghai.Diagnosis: This subspecies is a very small type of M.flavigula in China. Head and body 560mmand 450mm in length.The skull 92.4mm and 88mm at it greatest length.The upper surface hairs of body dark rufous-brown and underparts light-rufous in color.The head more or less similar to the back,but the back of two ears have dark slender stripes about 10mm in width and about 50mm in length(Table 3).The skull shows no important differences with the M.f.flavigula and M.f.aterrima, except its small size. The crista temporalis swelled and became wide. The tips of zygomatic process is postior carue, the palatine-processus spinosus scarcely occur and the edge of palatine is glossily arch. The inner edge of upper moler (M¹) is about 10% larger than that of outer edge.Distribution: Also confined to the Hainan Island.Specimens examined M.f.flavigula 6♂♂ 18♀♀ collected from Yunnan,, Guizhou, Guangxi, Fujian, Shanxi. M.f.aterrima l♂4♀♀ collected from Heilongjiang, Jilin. M.f.hainana about 50 skins from the Hainan Island.

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A SYSTEMATIC EWREVI OF THE CHINESE CAPE HARE, LEPUS CAPENSIS LINNAEUS

LUO Zexun

1981, 1(2):  149-157. 

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A systematic review of the Chinese cape hare, Lepus capensis Linnaeus, has been presented in this paper. The total length, the tail, the hind foot, the ear and the skull were measured. By comparing the data of European hare, Lepus europaeus pallas with those of Chinese cape hare, significant differences are shown.However, the data of Chinese cape hare are quite close to those of the type subspecies of the cape hare from Africa and those of the Tolai hare, Lepus tolai pallas. The cape hare has page priority over the Tolai hare, so that the latter does not hold good in the zoologieal nomenclature.There are all together 8 subspecies heretofore recorded in China: L. c. tolai, L. c. swimhoei, L. c. centrasiaticus, L. c. huangshuiensis, L, c. lehmanni, L. c. aurigineus and L. c. cinnamomeus. This polytypic species is widely distributed almost throughout our country except in the Southern China and Xizang Autonomous Region.According to the analysis of Fuzzy Aggregation and referring to the records of fossils, it should further be pointed out that the range of the Zhongyuan cape hare, Lepus capensis swinhoei Thomas, is probably the place of origin or distributional centre of the Chinese cape hare.

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NEW RECORD OF FERRET BADGER IN CHUINA

1981, 1(2):  158-158. 

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FAMILY STRUCTURE OF PLATEAU PIKA (OCHOTONA CURZONIAE)

LIAJNL Jierong

1981, 1(2):  159-165. 

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This work was carried out in the Alpine Meadow Ecosystem, Research Stataion of Menyuan, Qinghai, during 1978 to 1979. The specimens were collected by recognizing the burrow colonies first, and then trapping all the animals in them.The materials were analysed and the follwing results were attained;1. In breeding season, the plateau pika has family structure. 2. The structure may be considered in four patterns:(l) The family consists of one adult female and one adult male:(2) One adult female and one adult male with their offsprings:(3) One adult female and its offsprings; (4) One adult male and its offsprings.3. In June, the family members of plateau pika are composed of 2 to 10 animals, average 5.2. Some offsprings begin to segregate from the family at that time.4. Family formation of the plateau pika has seasonal changes.5. In non-breeding season, the plateau pika has solitary life.6. The plateau pika may belong to monogamous species.

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INVESTIGATIONS ON THE POPULATION DENSITIES OF SMAL LPEST RODENTS IN THE SOME REGICN OF NORTH CHINA PLAIN

1981, 1(2):  165-166. 

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NEW MAMMALS FROM THE GAOLIGONG MOUNTAINS(1)

PENG Hungshou, WANG Yingxiang

1981, 1(2):  167-176. 

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During 1973-1974, there were two mammal surveys had been made in the Gaoligong mountains, the most western flank of the Hengduan Mountains in the western frontier of Yunnan. Altogether the set consists of about 1,356 specimens belonging 149 species with 28 subspecies. After critically checked, numerous species and subspecies were found to be new to science. In the following lines are the diagnoses of the four subspecies of them. 1. Paguma larvata chichingensis Wang, subsp. nov.Holotype:No. 73646,1 male(ad.), collected from Chiching(七箐, alt.2,000 m) of Gaoligong mountains, Gongshan Xian, northwestern Yunnan, on December 11, 1973.Paratypes:No. 73721, 1 male(ad.), collected from Pula(普拉, ait. 1,600 m), near the holotype locality, on June 22, 1973, No.73838, 1 female(subad.), collected from the same locality as the holotype, on December 17, 1973.All the type specimens are deposited in the Kunming Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica.Diagnosis; Most resembling P. L. intredents, but with smaller skull and darker colour. The skull is about 117 mm. The mask and patches of the face, head and neck are more conspicuous than the latter in all seasons. The colour of the upper surface is dusky brown with darker oliveceous instead of ochraceous. The terminal portion of the tail has a white cluster of hairs.2. Petaurista petaurista nigra Wang, subsp.nov.Holotype.No.73744, 1 male(ad.), collected from Chiching (alt.1,900m) of Gaoligong mountains, Gongshan Xian, northwertern Yunnan, on December 12, 1973.Paratype: 1 female(ad.), collected from the same locality and date as the holotype.Specimens examined; 15 skins collected from Nu Jiang Valley(including Gongshan Xian 7; Bijiang xian 2; Lushui xian 2) and Lancang Jiang valley (Weixi 3).Diagnosis: Most resembling P.p. yunanensis, but with darker colour and more broad region of the interobital breadth.The upper surface is dark blackish-chestnus, the rump densely specked with white like frost appearance. The back of the ear is also dark blackish-chestnut.The interobital breadth is more breadCover 18.2 mm) than the latter.3. Callosciurus erythraeus gongshanensis Wang, subsp. nov. Holotype: No.73952, 1 male(ad.), collected from Jiulida(九里达, alt.1,600m)(eastern flank of Gaoligong mountains), Gongshan Xian, northwestern Yunnan, on December 30, 1973.Paratypes: No.74736,1 male(ad.), collected from Chiching(alt. 1.850 m), Gongshan, northwestern Yunnan, on december 12, 1973;No. 73791, 1 female (ad.), collected from the same locality and date as the holotype. Specimens examined: Gongshan Xian(2 skins); Bachun(八村), Bijang Xian(l male).Diagnosis: The colour is the darkest of all subspecies in our country. The upper surface is dark brownish-olivaceous. The ears are strong ochraceous-rusty. Under parts from throat to the base of the tail and inner side of limbs are deep purple-chestnut without any middle stripe. The end of the tail(about one third of the tail) is black with rufous end of hairs. Size is middle, the greatest length of skull is 52-54 mm.4. Micromys minutus pianmaensis Peng, subsp. nov.Holotype: No.74063, 1 female(ad.), collected from Pianma(片马, alt.1,930m), Lushui Xian, western Yunnan, on January 24, 1974.Paratypes: No.74068, 1 male(ad.), collected from same locality as the holotype on January 26, 1974;No.74000, 1 female(ad.), collected from Zhongpianma(中片马, alt. 1,925 m), near the holotype locality, on January 18, 1974.Specimens examined: 5 males and females collected from Pianma and Yaojiaping (姚家坪), Lushui Xian, western Yunnan.Diagnosis: This subspcies differed from its allies in having a blackish olive-brown in genera colour and with an indistingui shable red colour of ears. They are certainly aborignal forms of Gaoligong mountains.

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ON THE GLIRES OF NORTHERN XINJIANG

MA Yong, WANG Fonggui, JIN Shanke, LI Sihua, LIN Yonglie, YIE Zongyiao

1981, 1(2):  177-188. 

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This Paper Presents a result of systematic study on the Glires (lagomorphs and rodents) of Northern Xinjiang, China. A total of 1,241 specimens, collected from the region mainly in 1974-1980 and partly in 1960 and 1968, belong to 2 orders 10 families 33 genera 53 species and 66 subspecies.

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ON THE DAILY ACTIVITY RHYTHM OF FIVE SMALL MAMMALS

ZENG Jinxiang, WANG Zuwang, HAN Yongcai

1981, 1(2):  189-197. 

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The daily rhythm of five small mammals, i.e. the common Chinese zoker, Myospalax fontanieri, the plateau pika, Ochotona curzoniae, the root vole, Microtus oeconomus, the Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, and the house mouse,Mus musculus, were studied under laboratory conditions in Aug. to Dec., 1980.The Chinese zoker, a fossorial species, is polyphasic in daily rhythm. It is active both in daytime and in night.Among the other four animals, plateau pika is most diurnal. Norway rat and house mouse are noctural in activities. The root vole is an untypically noctural rodent. The metabolic rate is higher when the animals are in their active period.The activity phases are coincided with sunrise and sunset respectively, indicating that a synchronization with the light cycle is existed, but in the fossorial zoker, it is not so correlated.

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ON THE REPRODUCTION OF RATTUS RATTOIDES HODGSON

QING Yaoliang, WANG YaoPei

1981, 1(2):  199-203. 

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The present report is a part of our study on the ecology of the rat, Rattus rattoides Hodgson, The data of reproduction were based on 7471 rats which were captured in fields during 1963-1966, The authors attempt to give a brief analysis of the relations between the state of reproduction and the changements of population density. The results may be briefly summarized below.1. The main factors which lead to the changes of population density are not the number of the rats, but the length of reproduction period and the pregnant rate.2.The annual average pregnant rate was 30-42%,the peak of which was in autumn (72-92% in October of 1963, 72-41% in October of 1964, 68-18% in September of 1965), So that the population density took its peak values in winter of the same year and the coming spring.

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STUDIES ON DESTROYING PLATEAU PIKA (OCHOTONA CURZONIAE) WITH RODENTICIDE RATAK

FAN Naichang, SHI Yinchu, FENG Mingzhong

1981, 1(2):  205-211. 

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The investigation mentioned in this paper was carried out on the grassland in Tianjun, Qinghai province in August 1979 and April 1980. In addition, we have made a series of experiments upon plateau pikas in laboratory to prove the effect on destroying the animals with RATAK-(DIFENACOUM).The results of these experiments may be summarized as follows:1. The lethal dose of RATAK LD₅₀ =1.971±0.637(mg/kg).2. A regression equation of lethal dose is Y= 2.591X+4.236.Coagulation time ED₅₀ = 0.324(mg/kg).3. In field test, the oats are used as baits mixed with three concentrations of 0.125%, 0.25% and 0.50% of RATAK’s stieky solution respectively and all these baits are of good acceptance. It has not been seen that plateau pikas become resistant to them. The efficiency of destroying lies in 90.9%96.5%(X²20.05,P>0.05), the average efficiency is up to 93.9%.

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CONTROL THE STRIPED FIELD MOUSE WITH DIPHACINE NATRICUM

¹

1981, 1(2):  212-212. 

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POISON EFFECT AND DETOXIFY TEST OF RH-945 AND DLP-787

ZHAN Shaochen

1981, 1(2):  213-218. 

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RH-945 is 3-pyridylmethyl-N-(4’-nitrophenyl) Carbamate.DLP-787 is l-(3-pyridylmethyl)-3-(4’-nitrophenyl) Urea.Killing rats ratio of 1% RH-945 poison bait are 88.86±6.97%, and 1% DLp-787 poison bait are 79.51±3.46% in the house. Killing rats ratio of 1% RH-945 poison bait are 80.26±7.80%, and 1% DLP-787are 85.00±6.99% in the field.We had considered that naicotionamide can detoxify to RH-945 and DLP-787,because it is hydrogen-acceptor of DPN and TPN, and it is absolutely necessary matter in biological oxidation.

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THE ROLE OF MAMMALS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY

FANG Xiye, WANG Guangming

1981, 1(2):  219-224. 

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Among human infections, there are a number of diseases both common to human beings and to animals(domestic & wild animals)known as anthropozoonoses or zoonoses. These diseases or infections are characterized by restricted localities, seasonal incidence, infectivity, adaptability and natural nidus of infection. Animals serve as the hosts of pathogenic microorganisms, endo-and ecto-parasites,and routes of transmission as well. The formation of anthropozoonoses is the result of biological evolution, and in essence, being an ecological problem in the biosphere.Zoology has contributed greatly in the progress of public health.We are looking forward for a more intimate cooperation between zoologists and medical epidemiologists for the purpose of elucidating the existing mechanism of anthropozoonoses and preventing to their infections.