动物肠道菌群与宿主在营养代谢、免疫、疾病等方面有密切的关系。鉴于肠道菌群的这种重要性，野生动物肠道菌群宏基因组学日益成为保护生物学的研究热点。本文主要综述了近年来野生哺乳动物肠道微生物组的若干最新研究进展，着眼于宿主食性适应、健康、宿主与微生物组的协同进化等若干重要问题，对食肉类、灵长类、有蹄类、有袋类、鲸类、啮齿类等几大比较受关注的动物类群分别进行了总结，以期为今后我国哺乳动物肠道微生物组的研究提供一些视角和方向，并为野生动物的保护提供新的理论基础及研究手段。

The symbiotic gut microbes of animals interact with hosts in nutrition metabolism, immunity, diseases and so on. In wildlife, studies on the metagenomics have become a hotspot in conservation biology in recent years. In this paper, we summarize the latest advancements in gut microbes of wild mammals, which focused on diet adaptation, health, coevolution of host and microbiome, and so on. These researches can provide insight into the future studies and a new theoretical basis and means for the maintenance of wild animals’ survival and health.