兽类学报 >

2022 , Vol. 42 >Issue 1: 34 - 48

DOI: https://doi.org/10.16829/j.slxb.150567

研究论文

道路对三江源国家公园黄河源园区藏野驴和藏原羚种群数量及其栖息地的影响

  • 黄青东智 ,
  • 陈刘阳 ,
  • 李尚鹏 ,
  • 孙章运 ,
  • 杨明新 ,
  • 张德喜 ,
  • 李成先 ,
  • 毛锐锐 ,
  • 李泽宇 ,
  • 张立勋
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  • 1 中国地质调查局西宁自然资源综合调查中心, 西宁 810000;
    2 兰州大学生命科学学院, 兰州 730000
黄青东智(1992-),男,工程师,主要从事野生动物保护及草地资源调查研究工作;陈刘阳(1996-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事保护生物学研究.

收稿日期: 2021-06-03

  修回日期: 2021-11-05

  网络出版日期: 2021-11-05

基金资助

自然资源调查监测工程——青藏高原草资源试点调查项目（DD20208051）

收起

Effects of roads on the abundance and habitat of Tibetan wild ass and Tibetan gazelle in the Yellow River Source Zone of Sanjiangyuan National Park

  • Huangqingdongzhi ,
  • CHEN Liuyang ,
  • LI Shangpeng ,
  • SUN Zhangyun ,
  • YANG Mingxin ,
  • ZHANG Dexi ,
  • LI Chengxian ,
  • MAO Ruirui ,
  • LI Zeyu ,
  • ZHANG Lixun
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  • 1 Xining Natural Resources Comprehensive Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Xining 810000, China;
    2 School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

Received date: 2021-06-03

  Revised date: 2021-11-05

  Online published: 2021-11-05

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摘要

为探究道路对三江源国家公园黄河源园区藏野驴（Equus kiang）和藏原羚（Procapra picticaudata）种群数量及其栖息地的影响，于2020年冷季采用截线取样法在黄河源园区进行实地调查。通过设置4种不同等级的道路情景，使用MaxEnt模型评价藏野驴和藏原羚的生境适宜性，模拟了不同等级道路变量情景下两种有蹄类动物的适宜栖息地。并根据适宜栖息地面积和R程序的Distance包估算了藏野驴和藏原羚种群密度及数量。结果显示，调查样线总长1 320.63 km，发现藏野驴2 231头，藏原羚822只。估算藏野驴的种群密度为每平方千米（1.18 ±0.34）头，种群数量为2 400~7 632头；藏原羚的种群密度为每平方千米（0.94 ±0.14）只，种群数量为1 765~3 219只。MaxEnt模型预测结果表明，藏野驴和藏原羚适宜栖息地面积分别为3 641.34 km2和2 525.18 km2，分别占整个黄河源园区的19.2%和13.3%。影响藏野驴分布的主要环境因子依次为：距低等级公路的距离、年降水量、海拔和归一化植被指数。影响藏原羚分布的主要环境因子依次为：距低等级公路的距离、海拔、坡向和坡度。两种有蹄类动物重叠的适宜栖息地面积为2 240.15 km2，分别占藏野驴适宜栖息地的61.5%和藏原羚适宜栖息地的88.7%，且二者的适宜栖息地主要分布在黄河源园区的中部。不同道路情景模拟结果显示：（1）相比于不含道路变量的情景，道路存在的3种情景会使两种有蹄类动物的栖息地出现不同程度的丧失，种群数量也随之出现不同程度的下降。不含道路变量的情景时，两种有蹄类动物适宜生境面积最大，种群数量也最大；含全部道路变量的情景时，两种有蹄类动物适宜生境面积最小，种群数量也最小，栖息地丧失的比例最大，分别为27.2%和42.3%。（2）不同等级道路对二者的栖息地面积和种群数量影响程度不同，与高等级公路相比，低等级公路会使两个物种丧失更大的栖息地面积，种群数量下降更多。（3）两个物种对道路干扰的响应不同，在不同道路情景下，藏原羚会丧失更大比例的栖息地面积，种群数量下降幅度更大。本研究通过量化评估不同等级道路对有蹄类动物栖息地和种群数量的影响，为高原有蹄类物种的保护与道路的管理规划提供科学依据。

关键词： 三江源国家公园黄河源园区; 藏野驴; 藏原羚; 道路; 种群数量; 栖息地

本文引用格式

黄青东智 , 陈刘阳 , 李尚鹏 , 孙章运 , 杨明新 , 张德喜 , 李成先 , 毛锐锐 , 李泽宇 , 张立勋 . 道路对三江源国家公园黄河源园区藏野驴和藏原羚种群数量及其栖息地的影响[J]. 兽类学报, 2022 , 42(1) : 34 -48 . DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150567

Abstract

We sought to understand the effects of roads on the populations and habitat of Tibetan wild ass (Equus kiang) and Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata) in the Yellow River Source Zone of Sanjiangyuan National Park. We conducted a field survey to estimate population size, density and distribution of Tibetan wild ass and Tibetan gazelle in the region in autumn 2020 using a line transect sampling method. We then used the MaxEnt to assess habitat suitability of the two species under four different scenarios of road density and road type. The total length of the survey line was 1 320. 63 km, along which 2 231 Tibetan wild asses and 822 Tibetan gazelles were observed. The density of Tibetan wild ass was (1. 18 ±0. 34) individuals/km2 and the estimated abundance ranged from 2 400 to 7 632. The density of Tibetan gazelle was (0. 94 ±0. 14) individuals/km2 and the estimated abundance ranged from 1 765 to 3 219. MaxEnt predicted that the suitable habitat areas of Tibetan wild ass and Tibetan gazelle were 3 641. 34 km2 and 2 525. 18 km2, accounting for 19. 2% and 13. 3% of the entire Yellow River Source Zone, respectively. Distance to low-grade roads, annual precipitation, altitude and normalized difference vegetation index were the most important factors affecting habitat suitability for Tibetan wild ass.Distance to low-grade roads, altitude, aspect and slope were the most important factors affecting habitat suitability for Tibetan gazelle. The overlapping suitable habitat area of the two species was 2 240. 15 km2, accounting for 61. 5% and 88. 7% of the suitable habitat of Tibetan wild ass and Tibetan gazelle, respectively. The suitable habitats of Tibetan wild ass and Tibetan gazelle in autumn were mainly distributed in the central part of the Yellow River Source Zone. The road scenarios analysis indicated that:(1) the three scenarios including road variables resulted in varying degrees of habitat area loss and consequent population declines for both species when compared to the scenario with no roads. Scenarios with all road variables resulted in the smallest area of suitable habitat and the smallest populations for both species with 27. 2% and 42. 3% of suitable area lost for Tibetan wild ass and Tibetan gazelle respectively. (2) Different types of roads have different degrees of influence on the habitat area and populations of the two species. Low-grade roads cause greater habitat area loss and greater population declines for both species compared to highgrade roads. (3) The two species respond differently to road disturbance, with Tibetan gazelle suffering a greater loss of suitable habitat and experiencing a greater reduction in population size. This study provides evidence for ungulate conservation and roads managed on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau by quantitatively assessing the effects of different types of roads on the habitats and populations of two ungulate species.

Key words： Yellow River Source Zone of Sanjiangyuan National Park; Equus kiang; Procapra picticaudata; Road; Abundance; Habitat

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