2020年1—12月，采用半结构式访查法、痕迹跟踪调查法和无人机跟踪调查法相结合的方法，对拟建西双版纳勐海县勐阿水库涉及区域的亚洲象种群结构、迁移路线等进行了调查，并采用样方法和3S技术对该区域亚洲象取食植物和栖息地适宜性进行了调查和分析，以探讨拟建勐阿水库可能对亚洲象迁移活动和人—象冲突的潜在影响。结果表明：(1)拟建勐阿水库区域活动的亚洲象小种群被称为澜沧江西部种群或西双版纳勐海—普洱澜沧种群，仅由19头亚洲象(10头雄性，9头雌性)组成，有2条亚洲象迁移路线穿越该区域；(2)在研究区域共统计到亚洲象取食植物12目19科32属33种，基本能满足该象群的取食需求；(3)海拔、坡度、植被隐蔽度及食物资源等生态因子的适宜性分析结果显示，大部分区域(包括占总面积14.61%的最适生境和占总面积82.05%的相对适宜生境)都能满足该亚洲象小种群的基本生活需求；(4)2条亚洲象迁移路线中的1条将因水库建设而阻断，迫使该象群改变原来的迁移路线；(5)水库淹没区的植被将被永久破坏，原本连片的适宜栖息地也将受到进一步切割和压缩影响；(6)当食物资源无法满足亚洲象生存需求时，它们可能会选择进入可在较短时间内获得大量食物的农耕区取食农作物和经济作物，随着人流、车流大量增加，亚洲象与人相遇的概率也会大幅度增加。分析认为，拟建勐阿水库将淹没1条迁移通道，对亚洲象迁移活动造成阻碍，迫使象群改变路线，还可能导致更为严重的人—象冲突。建议在水库工程设计和建设过程中采取有效的保护管理措施，减少工程项目对亚洲象种群及其栖息地的负面影响；水库建设和管理部门、林业和草原管理部门等应加强对亚洲象活动的监测和预警，避免亚洲象肇事造成人员伤亡和更大的经济损失。
刘嘉琦
,
王怡涵
,
张磊
,
崔宁
,
吕婷
,
黄元
,
戴蓉
,
李正玲
,
陈明勇
. 西双版纳勐海县勐阿水库对亚洲象迁移活动和人—象冲突的潜在影响[J]. 兽类学报, 2022
, 42(3)
: 227
-239
.
DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150578
From January to December 2020, the population structure and migration routes of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in the proposed Meng' a reservoir in Menghai County in Xishuanbanna were investigated by using semi-structured interview method, tracking survey method, and UAV tracking survey method. In addition, the edible plants and habitat suitability of Asian elephants in this region were investigated and analyzed by using the quadrat method and 3S technology, in order to explore the potential impact of the proposed Meng' a reservoir on the migration of Asian elephants and human-elephant conflict. The results showed that:(1) The small population of Asian elephants living around the proposed Meng' a reservoir area is named the western Lancang River Asian elephant population or Xishuangbanna Menghai-Pu' er Lancang Asian elephant population, which only consists of only 19 elephants (10 ♂, 9 ♀). And two migration routes were used by Asian elephants across this area; (2) A total of 33 species representing 32 genera, 19 families, and 12 orders of foraging plants of Asian elephants were identified in this area, which could basically meet the feeding needs of this Asian elephant population; (3) The results of suitability analysis of ecological factors, such as altitude, slope, vegetation concealments and food resources showed that most of the areas (14. 61% of the total area was optimal habitat and 82. 05% of the total area was relative suitable habitat) could meet the basic living needs of this small Asian elephant population; (4) One of the two Asian elephant migration routes will be blocked by flooding water of the reservoir construction, forcing the herd to change its original migration route; (5) An entire area of habitat will be further cut and compressed, and vegetation in flooded areas will be permanently destroyed; (6) When the food resources cannot meet the survival needs of Asian elephants, they may choose to enter the agricultural areas where they can obtain a large amount of food in a short time to get food crops and cash crops in a short time. With the increase of number of people and traffic flow, the chance for Asian elephants to meet people will also greatly increase. The analysis suggests that the Meng' a reservoir may not only block one of the two migration routes of Asian elephants but also lead to more serious human-elephant conflict. We suggest that effective conservation and management measures should be taken in the process of reservoir design and construction to reduce the negative impact on the Asian elephants and their habitat. Reservoir construction and management departments and forestry and grassland management departments should strengthen monitoring and early warning of Asian elephant activities to avoid casualties and greater economic and property losses caused by Asian elephant accidents.
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