基于体况和粪便评估三地区圈养黑麂种群营养状况

张玥琨; 刘赫; 刘萍; 魏珊; 卢雁平; 席帆; 陆玉良; 江志; 楼毅; 张志忠

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150952

兽类学报 >

2025 , Vol. 45 >Issue 4: 503 - 512

DOI: https://doi.org/10.16829/j.slxb.150952

研究论文

基于体况和粪便评估三地区圈养黑麂种群营养状况

张玥琨 ,
刘赫 ,
刘萍 ,
魏珊 ,
卢雁平 ,
席帆 ,
陆玉良 ,
江志 ,
楼毅 ,
张志忠

展开

1 北京动物园, 北京 100044;
2 杭州动物园, 杭州 310008;
3 合肥野生动物园, 合肥 230088

张玥琨(1993-)，女，硕士，主要从事动物营养方面研究.

收稿日期: 2024-05-13

修回日期: 2024-10-15

网络出版日期: 2025-08-01

基金资助

北京市公园管理中心科技项目(ZX2022016)；北京动物园园管课题(KGBZ202403)

收起

The nutritional status of captive black muntjac (Muntiacus Crinifrons) in three regions based on body condition and fecal scores

ZHANG Yuekun ,
LIU He ,
LIU Ping ,
WEI Shan ,
LU Yanping ,
XI Fan ,
LU Yuliang ,
JIANG Zhi ,
LOU Yi ,
ZHANG Zhizhong

Expand

1 Beijing Zoo, Beijing 100044, China;
2 Hangzhou Zoo, Hangzhou 310008, China;
3 Hefei Wildlife Park, Hefei 230088, China

Received date: 2024-05-13

Revised date: 2024-10-15

Online published: 2025-08-01

Fold

摘要

体况评价和粪便评价是衡量动物健康状况的依据之一。为探究圈养黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons)种群的健康状况及营养水平，对北京动物园、杭州动物园和合肥野生动物园3个圈养种群进行了体况和粪便评价，分析了日粮结构对其体型特征和粪便形态的影响。结果显示：(1)黑麂的体况评分与日粮中的粗脂肪、粗纤维和粗蛋白含量之间无显著相关性，而与年龄呈显著正相关，并且体况评分还与圈养地存在显著相关性。表明体况分值的影响因素具有多样性，在圈养条件下黑麂的宏营养需求得到满足后，体况评分与自然衰老过程相关，同时与不同地区的圈养环境和饲养管理方式有关。(2)不同圈养地的黑麂粪便以正常状态为主，在统计上存在临界显著值(P=0.054)。粪便评分与日粮中的粗脂肪和粗纤维含量显著正相关，表明饲料中这两种成分含量越低，粪便越稀；同时，粪便评分与冬季的粗蛋白含量显著负相关，说明饲料中蛋白质含量越高，粪便越呈现液化状态。研究还发现粪便评分与性别显著相关，雌性粪便分值较低，出现稀便的情况较多；与年龄不存在相关性。(3)三地饲养方式略有差异，饲料结构不尽相同，黑麂种群呈现的体况及粪便状态有所区别。合肥野生动物园的体况评分与粪便评分最接近理想水平，日粮的营养结构相对平衡；北京动物园则应减少油脂类饲料的供应，夏季需增加蛋白质和矿物质；杭州动物园应减少玉米等精料，增加粗饲料，提高纤维素的摄入。通过体况评价和粪便评价来量化圈养黑麂的健康状况和营养水平，为优化饲料组成、建立黑麂健康状况评估与监测体系以及提高动物福利等方面提供技术支撑，同时为珍稀濒危物种的保护提供新思路和参考依据。

关键词： 黑麂; 体况评分; 粪便评分; 营养; 动物园

本文引用格式

张玥琨 , 刘赫 , 刘萍 , 魏珊 , 卢雁平 , 席帆 , 陆玉良 , 江志 , 楼毅 , 张志忠 . 基于体况和粪便评估三地区圈养黑麂种群营养状况[J]. 兽类学报, 2025 , 45(4) : 503 -512 . DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150952

Abstract

Body condition and fecal analysis serve as crucial indicators for assessing the health status of an animal. In the present study, we investigated the health status and nutritional level of captive black muntjacs (Muntiacus crinifrons). Body condition and feces evaluations were conducted on three captive populations in Beijing, Hangzhou and Hefei, and the effects of dietary structure on body characteristics and feces morphology were analyzed. The results reveal no significant correlation between body condition scores (BCS) and the contents of crude fat, crude fiber, and crude protein in the diet. Yet, a significant positive correlation emerged between BCS and age, suggesting that aging influences body condition. Further, BCS varied significantly among zoos. Under captive conditions, once the macronutrient requirements of black muntjacs were adequately met, their body condition scores demonstrated a correlation with the natural aging process. In addition, body condition scores were found to be associated with the specific captive environments and husbandry practices employed at the different zoos. As such, body condition scores in this species are impacted by a diverse array of influential factors. The fecal scores (FS) of black muntjacs primarily remained normal, but there was a borderline statistical significance among the three collections (P = 0. 054). The fecal scores were significantly positively correlated with dietary crude fat and crude fiber, and negatively correlated with the crude protein during winter, indicating that dietary composition affects fecal consistency. Gender also played a role, with females exhibiting lower FS and more frequent loose stools. On the other hand, there was no correlation between FS and age. The three zoos employed slightly different breeding methods and feed structures for the captive black muntjac populations, resulting in notable differences in the body condition and fecal status of the animals across these sites. Specifically, the body condition and fecal scores at Hefei Wildlife Park were found to be closest to the ideal levels, suggesting that the nutritional structure of the diet provided at this zoo was relatively balanced compared to the other two facilities. Recommendations for dietary adjustments include reducing the fatty components of feed at Beijing Zoo and increasing protein and minerals during summer. Hangzhou Zoo should focus on minimizing corn and other concentrated feeds, while boosting roughage and cellulose intake. In summary, the health and nutritional status of captive black muntjacs were quantified based on body condition and fecal analysis. The present study is expected to provide technical support for optimizing feed composition, establishing a health assessment and monitoring system for black muntjacs, and ultimately enhancing the overall animal welfare of this species under captive conditions. The findings offer new insights and valuable guidelines that can inform and direct conservation efforts for rare and endangered ungulate species, such as the black muntjac.

Key words： Black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons); Body condition scores; Fecal scores; Nutrition; Zoo

参考文献

Bo T B, Liu H, Liu M, Liu Q Y, Li Q D, Cong Y P, Luo Y, Wang Y Q, Yu B, Pu T C, Wang L, Wang Z, Wang D H. 2023. Mechanism of inulin in colic and gut microbiota of captive Asian elephant [J]. Microbiome, 11 (1). DOI: 10. 1186/s40168-023-01581-3.
Brown W E, Holdorf H T, Kendall S J, White H M. 2023. Dam body condition score alters offspring circulating cortisol and energy metabolites in holstein calves but did not affect neonatal leptin surge [J]. Metabolites, 13 (5). DOI: 10. 3390/metabo13050631.
Clauss M, Tschuor A, Codron D, Hummel J. 2022. Reticular contraction frequency and ruminal gas dome development in goats do not differ between grass and browse diets [J]. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 106 (6): 1208-1215.
Daros R R, Eriksson H K, Weary D M, Marina A G. 2020. The relationship between transition period diseases and lameness, feeding time, and body condition during the dry period [J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 103 (1): 649-665.
Dykes J L, Strickland B K, Demarais S, Reynolds D B, Lashley M A. 2020. Diet selection of white-tailed deer supports the nutrient balance hypothesis [J]. Behavioural Processes, 179. DOI: 10. 1016/j. beproc. 2020. 104196.
Earle D F. 1976. A guide to scoring dairy cow condition [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 74: 228-231.
Edmonson A J, Lean I J, Weaver L D, Farver T, Webster G. 1989. A body condition scoring chart of Holstein dairy cows [J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 72: 68-78.
Felton A M, Wam H K, Felton A, Simpson S J, Stolter C, Hedwall P O, Malmsten J, Eriksson T, Tigabo M, Raubenheimer D. 2021. Macronutrient balancing in free-ranging populations of moose [J]. Ecology and Evolution, 11 (16): 11223-11240.
Ferguson J D. 1991. Nutrition and reproduction in dairy cows [J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 7 (2): 483-507.
Fohringer C, Dudka I, Spitzer R, Stenbacka F, Rzhepishevska O, Cromsigt J P G M, Gröbner G, Ericsson G, Singh N J. 2021. Integrating omics to characterize eco-physiological adaptations: How moose diet and metabolism differ across biogeographic zones [J]. Ecology and Evolution, 11 (7): 3159-3183.
Garrigues V, Mearin F, Badía X, Balboa A, Benavent J, Caballero A, Domínguez E, Díaz-Rubio M, Roset M, Figueras M, Cucala M. 2007. Change over time of bowel habit in irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, observational, 1-year follow-up study(RITMO study) [J]. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 23 (3): 323-332.
Guo J H, Jin Y C, Tian X M, Bao H, Sun Y, Gray T, Song Y Q, Zhang M H. 2022. Diet-induced microbial adaptation process of red deer (Cervus elaphus) under different introduced periods [J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13. DOI: 10. 3389/fmicb. 2022. 1033050.
Liu H, Liu Y, Hao F, Li B, Cong Y. 2023. Inulin supplementation increases the differential metabolites and metabolic pathway in Baird’s tapirs (Tapirus bairdii) [J]. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 9 (6): 2927-2936.
Liu H, Zhang C L, Li X G. 2019. Zoo Animal Nutrition Guideline [M]. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 87-93. (in Chinese)
Longstreth G F, Thompson W G, Chey W D, Houghton L A, Mearin F, Spiller R C. 2006. Functional bowel disorders [J]. Gastroenterology, 130 (5): 1480-1491.
Ma Y, Bao H, Bencini R, Raubenheimer D, Dou H, Liu H, Wang S, Jiang G. 2019. Macro-nutritional adaptive strategies of moose (Alces alces) related to population density [J]. Animals, 10 (1). DOI:10. 3390/ani10010073.
Malhotra A, Shah N, Depasquale J, Baddoura W, Spira R, Rector T. 2016. Use of bristol stool form scale to predict the adequacy of bowel preparation: a prospective study [J]. Colorectal Disease, 18 (2): 200-204.
Morin P A, Chorfi Y, Dubuc J, Roy J P, Santschi D, Dufour S. 2017.Short communication: an observational study investigating inter observer agreement for variation over time of body condition score in dairy cows [J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 100 (4): 3086-3090.
Ness A, Jacob A, Saboraki K, Otero A, Gushue D, Martinez M D, De Peña M, Tang X, Aiken J, Lingle S, McKenzie D. 2022. Cellular prion protein distribution in the vomeronasal organ, parotid, and scent glands of white-tailed deer and mule deer [J]. Prion, 16 (1):40-57.
Pan L, Bu D P, Sun P, Zhou L Y. 2012. The practical application of three scores in dairy cows [J]. Chinese Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 11 (39): 210-215. (in Chinese)
Roche J R, Dillon P G, Stockdale C R, Baumgard L H, VanBaale M J. 2004. Relationships among international body condition scoring systems [J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 87: 3076-3079.
Roche J R, Macdonald K A, Schutz K E, Matthews L R, Verkerk G A, Meier S, Loor J J, Rogers A R, Mcgowan J, Morgan S R, Taukiri S, Webster J R. 2013. Calving body condition score affects indicators of health in grazing dairy cows [J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 96 (9): 5811-5825.
Spitzer R, Felton A, Landman M, Singh N J, Widemo F, Cromsigt P G M. 2020. Fifty years of European ungulate dietary studies: a synthesis [J]. A Journal of Ecology, 129 (11): 1668-1680.
Stengarde L, Traven M, Emanuelson U, Holtenius K, Hultgren J, Niskanen R. 2008. Metabolic profiles in five high-producing swedish dairy herds with a history of abomasal displacement and ketosis [J]. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 50. DOI: 10. 1186/1751-0147-50-31.
Sun Y, Yu Y Z, Guo J, Zhong L Q, Zhang M H. 2023. Alterations in fecal microbiota linked to environment and sex in red deer (Cervus elaphus) [J]. Animals, 13 (5). DOI: 10. 3390/ani13050929.
Taylor L A, Schwitzer C, Owen-Smith N, Kreuzer M, Clauss M. 2013. Feeding practices for captive greater kudus (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) in UK collections as compared to diets of free-ranging specimens [J]. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 1: 7-13.
Van Beest F M, Schmidt N M, Frederiksen M L, Krogh A K H, Petersen H H, Hansson S V. 2024. Direct and indirect linkages between trace element status and health indicators: a multi-tissue case-study of two deer species in denmark [J]. Biological Trace Element Research, 202 (8): 3623-3638.
Vandeputte D, Falony G, Vieirasilva S, Raul Y T T, Joossens M, Raes J. 2015. Stool consistency is strongly associated with gut microbiota richness and composition [J]. Gut, 65 (1): 57-62.
Wang H L, Zhao Y, Wang F J, Sun X J, Zhu J Q, Zhang Y M, Wei S D, Chen H. 2023. Diet composition and selection of père david’s deer in Hubei Shishou Milu National Nature Reserve, China [J]. Ecology and Evolution, 13 (1). DOI: 10. 1002/ece3. 9702.
Wildman E E, Jones G M, Wagner P E, Boman R L, Troutt H F, Lesch T N. 1982. A dairy-cow body condition scoring system and its relationship to selected production characteristics [J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 65 (3): 495-501.
Wu Y, Ravnic D J, Ozbolat I T. 2020. Intraoperative bioprinting: repairing tissues and organs in a surgical setting [J]. Trends Biotechnol, 38 (6): 594-605.
Yuan Y H, Zhu X L, Liu Q X. 2020. Determination of blood chemistry indicators in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) [J]. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 40 (2): 201-207. (in Chinese)
Zhang Z X, Bao C H, Li Z A, He C X, Jin W J, Li C Z, Chen Y X. 2024. Integrated omics analysis reveals the alteration of gut microbiota and fecal metabolites in Cervus elaphus kansuensis [J]. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 108 (1): 13-22.
Zhen J A, Ren Y J, Zhang H D, Yuan X L, Wang L B, Shen H, Liu P, Chen Y Q. 2022. Effect of different dietary regimes on the gut microbiota and fecal metabolites of père david’s deer [J]. Animals, 12 (5). DOI: 10. 3390/ani12050584.
Zheng Y J, Luo J W, Huang S F, Zhang X X, Liu L H, Jiang Z. 2024.Effect of supplemented apple levels in the diet on the health of captive red pandas [J]. Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 56 (6): 36-41. (in Chinese)
刘赫, 张成林, 李晓光. 2019. 圈养野生动物饲料配方指南 [M]. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 87-93.
孙昊. 2023. 圈养红斑羚饲料营养水平评估 [J]. 上海畜牧兽医通讯, 2023 (4): 15-17.
陈军. 2020. 亚达伯拉象龟的饲养管理 [J]. 特种经济动植物, 23(4): 10-11.
郑应婕, 罗坚文, 黄淑芳, 张秀秀, 刘龙海, 江志. 2024. 日粮中苹果添加量对圈养小熊猫健康的影响 [J]. 畜牧与兽医, 56 (6):36-41.
袁耀华, 朱向蕾, 刘群秀. 2020. 圈养黑猩猩血液生理生化指标测定 [J]. 兽类学报, 40 (2): 201-207.
潘龙, 卜登攀, 孙鹏, 周凌云. 2012. 奶牛三大评分体系在实际生产中的应用 [J]. 中国畜牧兽医 (北京), 11 (39): 210-215.

Options

文章导航

模态框（Modal）标题

摘要

本文引用格式

Abstract

参考文献