观鲸船只对布氏鲸的影响评价及对观鲸规则的启示

陈炳耀; 孙婧; 毛保能; 关泽华; 姜新月; 王静

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150991

兽类学报 >

2025 , Vol. 45 >Issue 5: 681 - 693

DOI: https://doi.org/10.16829/j.slxb.150991

研究论文

观鲸船只对布氏鲸的影响评价及对观鲸规则的启示

陈炳耀 ,
孙婧 ,
毛保能 ,
关泽华 ,
姜新月 ,
王静

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1 南京师范大学生命科学学院, 南京 210023;
2 北京市企业家环保基金会, 北京 100020

陈炳耀(1978-)，男，博士，教授，主要从事鲸类种群生态学、毒理学和保护生物学研究.

收稿日期: 2024-08-01

录用日期: 2025-01-24

网络出版日期: 2025-09-26

基金资助

国家自然科学基金(32170522)；北京市企业家环保基金会(ZZ-1696819768,ZZ-1666327654)

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The impacts evaluation of whale-watching vessels on Bryde’s whales and implications for whale-watching regulations

CHEN Bingyao ,
SUN Jing ,
MAO Baoneng ,
GUAN Zehua ,
JIANG Xinyue ,
WANG Jing

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1 School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China;
2 Society of Entrepreneurs & Ecology Foundation, Beijing 100020, China

Received date: 2024-08-01

Accepted date: 2025-01-24

Online published: 2025-09-26

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摘要

广西北海涠洲岛小型近岸型布氏鲸 (Balaenoptera edeni edeni) 是目前中国沿岸水域唯一稳定出现的大型鲸类，该种群是已知的全球最大的近岸布氏鲸种群。自 2018 年广西北海涠洲岛布氏鲸被大量报道之后，当地兴起观鲸热潮，但缺乏科学的观鲸规则指导，无序观鲸行为已经对布氏鲸产生了负面影响，亟需开展相关影响评价与制定观鲸规则。本研究基于 2022—2024 年的研究发现，73.5% 的船只存在直接冲向鲸或者鸣笛、追赶鲸等不文明观鲸问题，布氏鲸周围船只平均超过 5 艘，最高达到 24 艘，平均观鲸时长 (38.6 ± 20.86) min。观鲸船以并行伴游方式接近布氏鲸时，鲸的回避反应比例最低 (30.34%)，而直接接近和调头接近时，回避比例超过60.00%。当船只数量为 1 ~ 2 艘时，鲸的中立反应比例最大 (66.72%)，回避反应比例最小 (33.28%)，随着船只数量增加，鲸的回避反应比例增加。当布氏鲸与船只距离小于 100 m 时，布氏鲸的回避反应占比最大 (56.97%)，随着距离的增加回避反应减小，300 m 以上时仅为 10.64%。基于本研究结果，参考全球各地 30 个比较完善的观鲸规则，并与当地管理部门和从业者充分沟通，确认观鲸过程中重要的参数，为布氏鲸的保护提供科学依据。

关键词： 布氏鲸; 观鲸船; 观鲸规则; 负面影响; 涠洲岛

本文引用格式

陈炳耀 , 孙婧 , 毛保能 , 关泽华 , 姜新月 , 王静 . 观鲸船只对布氏鲸的影响评价及对观鲸规则的启示[J]. 兽类学报, 2025 , 45(5) : 681 -693 . DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150991

Abstract

The Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni edeni) around Weizhou Island, Beihai, Guangxi, is the only permanent large whale species in the coastal waters of China and represents the largest known nearshore population of Bryde’s whale in the world. Since 2018, when Bryde’s whales were first reported, the whale-watching tourism has greatly expanded. However, the lack of scientific whale-watching guidance and regulation on whale-watching tourism has likely negative impacts on Bryde’s whales, highlighting the urgent need for impact assessments and scientific whale-watching regulations. Based on direct monitoring from 2022 to 2024, we found that 73. 5% of vessels exhibited a range of problematic behaviors, such as running directly at whales or honking or chasing them too closely. The average number of vessels around whales exceeded five, with a maximum of 24 vessels, and the average whale-watching time was (38. 6 ± 20. 86) min. Vessels approaching Bryde’s whale in parallel pattern caused the lowest whales’avoidance response (30. 34%), whereas direct or turning approaching patterns (35. 35%) caused the strongest reactions, with avoidance response exceeding 60. 00%. When only 1 - 2 vessels were presented around whales, the neutrality response attained 66. 72%, with the lowest proportion of avoidance response. When the distance between Bryde’s whale and vessels was less than 100 m, avoidance response increased to 56. 97%. As the distance increased, the proportion of avoidance response reduced, dropping to 10. 64% when vessels were more than 300 m distant. Based on the results of this study and referring to 30 global whale-watching regulations, as well as communication with local authorities and practitioners, important parameters of whale-watching practices were analyzed, providing a scientific basis for the effective protection of Bryde’s whales around Weizhou Island.

Key words： Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni); Whale-watching vessel; Whale-watching regulation; Negative impacts; Weizhou Island

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