Abstract: Many animal groups show strong directionality and regularity as they move within home ranges or migrate seasonally over long distances. They can integrate significant spatial cues for destination recognition, navigation, and memory of the types of food available in the habitat, the distribution of food patches and the season of food maturity, and construct spatial cognitive maps, showing a strong spatial memory capacity. This article comprehensively reviews the research methods of captive experiments, field experiments in natural environments, observation and analysis of natural state movement trajectories, and exploration of animal spatial memory in digital virtual experimental environments. The characteristics and application ranges of these research methods are summarized, and future research trends are prospected. The integration of multiple disciplines, multiple application scenarios, and the development of animal spatial memory ecological models have become the main development trends in this field. The study of animal spatial memory can provide new perspectives for in-depth exploration of animal habitat utilization mechanisms, intrinsic movement driving forces, and the maintenance mechanisms of biodiversity. In addition, this research field can also provide scientific basis and reference for wildlife management practices such as endangered species conservation, alleviating human-wildlife conflicts, and improving the welfare of captive animals.

Key words: Spatial memory, Spatial cognition, Movement trajectory, Movement ecology, Movement model

摘要： 许多动物类群在家域范围内迁移或长距离季节性迁徙的过程中表现出很强的方向性和规律性，它们可以整合显著的空间线索进行目的地识别、导航，并记忆栖息地内可获得的食物种类、食物斑块的分布以及食物成熟的季节等信息，并构建空间认知地图，表现出空间记忆能力。本文全面梳理了圈养实验、自然环境下的野外实验、自然状态移动轨迹的观测和分析以及数字虚拟实验环境下探索动物空间记忆研究，归纳了上述研究中研究方法的特点和适用范围，并针对未来研究趋势进行展望。多学科交叉，多场景应用以及动物空间记忆生态模型的研发已成为该领域的主要发展趋势。动物空间记忆的研究可以从新的视角深入探讨动物栖息地利用机制、移动的内在驱动因素和生物多样性的维持机制。此外，该研究领域还可为保护濒危物种、缓解人兽冲突及增加圈养动物福利等野生动物管理实践提供科学依据和参考。

关键词: 空间记忆, 空间认知, 移动轨迹, 移动生态学, 移动模型