The symbiotic gut microbes of animals interact with hosts in nutrition metabolism, immunity, diseases and so on. In wildlife, studies on the metagenomics have become a hotspot in conservation biology in recent years. In this paper, we summarize the latest advancements in gut microbes of wild mammals, which focused on diet adaptation, health, coevolution of host and microbiome, and so on. These researches can provide insight into the future studies and a new theoretical basis and means for the maintenance of wild animals’ survival and health.