In estrus,male Père David's Deer (Elaphurus davidianus) are divided into three ranks:king,challenger and bachelor.The order change was an intuitive performance of males'face to pressures.In this paper,the coupling degree of boldness and aggression in different stages of the life history of Père David's Deer was used to explain the rank development of Père David's Deer when they were young,the rank formation when they were sub-adults,and the rank fluctuations of the challenger during estrus.The behavior sampling method combines focus sampling and scanning sampling. Boldness was judged as the un-synchronization level of the behavior sample flow,and the early occurrence and low presynchronization rate of the same type of behavior.Aggression was judged by combination of aggressive behavior and winning index.Fecal testosterone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay.The results showed that there was a negative correlation between boldness and aggression coupling and grade development (r=-0.111 8,P=0.018 3) in young Père David's Deer.There was a positive correlation between boldness and aggression coupling and rank fluctuation (r=0.917 9,P=0.002 6) in sub-adults Père David's Deer.From sub-adult to adult estrus stage,four Père David's Deers achieved rank rise (boldness and aggression coupling r=0.852 3,P=0.000 3),and a Père David's Deer became the king.Four Père David's Deers did not change (boldness and aggression coupling r=0.482 9,P=0.006 3).Three Père David's Deers rank decreased (boldness and aggression coupling r=0.251 7,P=0.003 5).There was a positive correlation between testosterone level and rank of young Père David's Deer (r=0.860 7,P=0.005 5).There was a positive correlation between testosterone level and rank of sub-adult Père David's Deer (r=0.8457,P=0.004 4).There was a positive correlation between testosterone level and rank of adult Père David's Deer in rut (r=0.954 6,P=0.001 8).Con- clusion:The coupling strength of boldness and aggression is positively correlated with the rank fluctuation of male Père David's Deer during estrus.Elevated rank is associated with raised secretion of testosterone levels.
Chen R, Li J H, Zhu Y, Xia D P. 2008. Seasonal changes in aggressive behavior and fecal testosterone level in male Tibetan macaques Macaca thibitana at Huangshan, China. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 54 (3):393-398. (in Chinese)
Clutton-Brock T H, Hodge S J, Spong G. 2006. Intrasexual competition and sexual selection in cooperative mammals. Nature, 444(7122):1065-1068.
Ding X L, Qiang J N, Fang J Q, Ma D J, Hao Y, Wang F. 2013. An analysis on the personality exploratory traits of the puppy. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 48 (1):118-124. (in Chinese)
Gosling S D. 2001. From mice to men:what can we learn about personality from animal research? Psychological Bulletin, 127 (1):45-86.
Graham C H, Parra J L, Rahbek C, McGuire J A. 2009. Phylogenetic structure in tropical hummingbird communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences of the United States of America, 106 (2):19673-19678.
Koolhaas J M, Boer S F, Buwalda B. 2007. Individual variation in coping with stress:A multidimensional approach of ultimate and proximate mechanisms. Brain Behavior and Evolution, 70:218-226.
Koren L, Geffen E. 2009. Androgens and social status in female rock hyraxes. Animal Behaviour, 77 (1):233-238.
Li C W, Jiang Z G, Fang J M, Jiang G H, Ding Y H, Shen H, Xu A H. 2000. Relationship between reproductive behavior and fecal steroid in Milu (Elaphurus davidianus). Acta Theriologica Sinica, 20 (1):88-100. (in Chinese)
Li C W, Jiang Z G, Zeng Y, Yan C E. 2003. Cortisol levels, dominance rank and mating opportunities in Père David's deer stags.Acta Zoologica Sinica, 49 (5):566-570. (in Chinese)
Li C, Jiang Z, Tang S. 2007. Influence of enclosure size and animal density on fecal cortisol concentration and aggression in Père David's deer stags. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 151(2):202-209.
Mattiangeli V, Mattiello S, Verga M. 1999. The fighting technique of male fallow deer (Dama dama):an analysis of agonistic interactions during the rut. Journal of Zoology, 249 (3):339-346.
Mauget R, Mauget C, Dubost G, Charron F, Courcoul A, Rodier A. 2007. Non-invasive assessment of reproductive status in Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis):Correlation with sexual behaviour. Mammalian Biology, 72 (1):14-26.
Meng X X, Yang Q S, Geng Z J, Xia L, Feng J C, Zhou Y J, Xu H F. 2006. Behavioral diversity of captive alpine musk deer in Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 52 (6):1026-1033. (in Chinese)
Réale D, Reader S M, Dingemanse N J. 2007. Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution. Biology Review, 82:291-318.
Sih A, Kats L B, Maurer E F. 2003. Behavioural correlations across situations and the evolution of antipredator behaviour in a sunfish-salamander system. Animal Behaviour, 651:29-44.
Sih A, Bell A M, Johnson J C. 2004. Behavioral syndromes:An ecological and evolutionary overview. Trends Ecology Evolution, 19:372-378.
Sih A, Watters J V. 2005. The mix matters:Behavioural types and group dynamics in water striders. Behaviour, 142:1417-1431.
Sih A, Cote J, Evans M. 2012. Ecological implications of behavioural syndromes. Ecology Letters, 15:278-289.
Su Y J. 2007. Studies on animal individual differences to personality psychology:contribution and value. Advances in Psychological Science, 15 (2):260-266. (in Chinese)
Wemmer C, Watling D. 1986. Ecology and status of the sulawesi palm civet Macrogalidia musschenbroekii schlegel. Biological Conservation, 35 (1):1-17.
Yang S, Zhang T, Li Y. 2021. Identifying personality traits and their potential application to the management of captive forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 234:105168.
Yu G R, Chen Z, Yang M, Wang Q F. 2021. Discussion on the theo- retical basis and technical system of large-scale terrestrial ecosystem science research. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 32 (2):377-391. (in Chinese)
Zhang F X, Meng Q H, Jiang Z G, Meng X X, Cheng Z B, Song Y, Bai J D, Ding Y H, Wen H J. 2022. The vicissitudes of fate and future protection prospects of Père David's deer. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 42 (1):1-10. (in Chinese)
Zhou Y, Li Y, Zhou M, Meng X X. 2018a. Relationships of boldness with musk secretion and reproductive effort in captive alpine musk deer during mating and non-mating seasons. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 38 (4):344-351. (in Chinese)
Zhou Y, Sun T F, Li Y, Zhou M, Meng X X. 2018b. Personality traits and their relationships with musk secretion by captive alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus). Acta Ecologica Sinica, 38 (21):7530-7538. (in Chinese)
丁晓麟, 强京宁, 方建强, 马大君, 蒿阳, 王锋. 2013. 幼犬个性特征的探索性因素分析. 动物学杂志, 48 (1):118-124.
于贵瑞, 陈智, 杨萌, 王秋凤. 2021. 大尺度陆地生态系统科学研究的理论基础及其技术体系之探讨. 应用生态学报, 32 (2):377-391.
苏彦捷. 2007. 动物个体差异研究对人格心理学的贡献. 心理科学进展, 15 (2):260-266.
李春旺, 蒋志刚, 房继明, 姜国, 丁玉华, 沈华, 徐安红. 2000. 麋鹿繁殖行为和粪样激素水平变化的关系. 兽类学报,20 (2):88-100.
李春旺, 蒋志刚, 曾岩, 阎彩娥. 2003. 雄性麋鹿的交配机会、社会等级和皮质醇水平. 动物学报, 49 (5):566-570.
周杨, 黎勇, 周密, 孟秀祥. 2018a. 圈养马麝的胆量个性及与麝香分泌和繁殖成效的关系. 兽类学报, 38 (4):344-351.
周杨, 孙太福, 黎勇, 周密, 孟秀祥. 2018b. 圈养马麝 (Moschus sifanicus) 个性特征及与麝香分泌的关系. 生态学报, 38 (21):7530-7538.
陈燃, 李进华, 朱勇, 夏东坡. 2008. 雄性黄山短尾猴攻击行为和粪便睾酮水平季节性变化. 动物学报, 54 (3):393-398.
孟庆辉. 2014. 圈养马麝行为综合征研究. 北京:中央民族大学博士学位论文.
孟秀祥, 杨奇森, 冯祚建, 夏霖, 冯金朝, 周宜君, 徐宏发. 2006. 兴隆山圈养马麝的行为多样性. 动物学报, 52 (6):1026-1033.
张付贤, 孟庆辉, 蒋志刚, 孟秀祥, 程志斌, 宋苑, 白加德, 丁玉华, 温华军. 2022. 麋鹿沧桑命运与未来保护展望. 生态学报, 42(1):1-10.
青公网安备 63010402000199号
青ICP备05000010号-2
