Temporal niche patterns of Anhui musk deer (Moschus anhuiensis) and sympatric ungulates
Received date: 2024-01-31
Accepted date: 2024-10-25
Online published: 2025-06-03
Revealing the activity rhythms of sympatric ungulates will promote an understanding of its temporal niche relationships and coexistence mechanisms. To assess the daily activity rhythm and avoidance-attraction relationship of Moschus anhuiensis and its two sympatric ungulates, Muntiacus reevesi and Sus scrofa, we continuously monitored the three species with infrared camera technology from July 2021 to June 2023 in Anhui Wanfoshan Provincial Nature Reserve. A total of 46 infrared cameras were deployed, accumulating 19 248 camera-days of operation. The cameras captured 326 independent valid detections of Anhui musk deer, 1 110 of Reeves’ muntjac, and 488 of wild boar. We used the non-parametric kernel density estimation method to analyze the daily activity rhythm characteristics of these three ungulate species at different time scales. The results showed that the activity rhythm of Mo. anhuiensis showed nocturnal characteristics, the Mu. reevesi showed a bimodal activity pattern with peaks at dawn and dusk, and S. scrofa showed typical diurnal behavior. On a seasonal scale, the degree of overlap in daily activity rhythms between Mo. anhuiensis and Mu. reevesi is relatively high (Δ4 = 0.89, P = 0.01), while both species had relatively low degrees of overlap with S. scrofa (Δ4 = 0.54, P < 0.01; Δ4 = 0.57, P < 0.01, respectively). The annual activity rhythms of the three ungulate species all peaked during autumn and winter. The monthly activity rhythm index of the Mo. anhuiensis reaches its peak in November-December, Mu. reevesi peaked in February, and S. scrofa in September. The overlap of Mo. anhuiensis and S. scrofa increased in winter. Overall, the annual activity pattern of the three ungulate species peaked in autumn and winter, which might be due to the intensified species competition caused by reduced resources and the breeding habits of Mo. anhuiensis in the above seasons. This study has preliminarily grasped the daily activity rhythms of three ungulate species in Wanfoshan Provincial Nature Reserve across different time scales, as well as changes in their overlap. This contributes to a deeper understanding of the temporal niche differentiation mechanisms among these three ungulate species. Based on these results, it is recommended to protect the winter food resources of ungulates while conducting long-term monitoring of interspecific relationships among sympatric ungulate species, to protect the Anhui musk deer population.
Dapeng PANG , Lanrong WANG , Yuting LU , Jiawei HUANG , Peng XU , Qingyue JIANG , Zhongwen DING , Yunfeng CHEN , Jun DING , Baowei ZHANG . Temporal niche patterns of Anhui musk deer (Moschus anhuiensis) and sympatric ungulates[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025 , 45(3) : 302 -311 . DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150912
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