ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA ›› 2022, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (4): 370-378.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150644
• ORIGINAL PAPERS • Previous Articles Next Articles
Tong ZHANG1,2, Xi WANG1,2, Qixin ZHANG2,3, Jinhua LI1,2()
Received:
2021-11-26
Accepted:
2022-03-29
Online:
2022-07-30
Published:
2022-07-22
Contact:
Jinhua LI
张通1,2, 王希1,2, 张启信2,3, 李进华1,2()
通讯作者:
李进华
作者简介:
张通 (1995- ),男,硕士研究生,主要从事灵长类行为生态研究.
基金资助:
CLC Number:
Tong ZHANG, Xi WANG, Qixin ZHANG, Jinhua LI. The effects of affiliative relationship on aggressive behavior in Tibetan macaques[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2022, 42(4): 370-378.
张通, 王希, 张启信, 李进华. 个体亲近程度对藏酋猴攻击行为的影响[J]. 兽类学报, 2022, 42(4): 370-378.
个体ID (雄性 Male) | 顺位 (DS值) Social rank (DS value) | 母亲 Mother | 个体ID (雌性Female) | 顺位 (DS值) Social rank (DS value) | 母亲 Mother | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YXK | 1 (27.00) | YH | YXX | 1 (81.00) | YH | |
TRG | 2 (19.88) | # | YH | 2 (67.67) | YM* | |
ZB | 3 (13.00) | # | YCY | 3 (56.67) | YM* | |
DS | 4 (4.71) | # | YXY | 4 (40.75) | YH | |
TQ | 5 (-3.33) | # | YCH | 5 (30.00) | # | |
WM | 6 (-3.67) | # | TXH | 6 (9.90) | TH | |
TQS | 7 (-10.83) | TXH | YCL | 7 (8.17) | YM* | |
JM | 8 (-19.88) | # | TH | 8 (-10.00) | TG* | |
SJT | 9 (-26.88) | # | TXX | 9 (-23.77) | TH | |
TQL | 10 (-36.00) | TXX | ||||
HH | 11 (-44.53) | H* | ||||
THY | 12 (-45.27) | TR* | ||||
HXY | 13 (-45.46) | HH | ||||
THX | 14 (-63.58) | TH | ||||
HXW | 15 (-80.57) | HH |
Table 1 Composition of adult individuals in YA1 group during study period
个体ID (雄性 Male) | 顺位 (DS值) Social rank (DS value) | 母亲 Mother | 个体ID (雌性Female) | 顺位 (DS值) Social rank (DS value) | 母亲 Mother | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YXK | 1 (27.00) | YH | YXX | 1 (81.00) | YH | |
TRG | 2 (19.88) | # | YH | 2 (67.67) | YM* | |
ZB | 3 (13.00) | # | YCY | 3 (56.67) | YM* | |
DS | 4 (4.71) | # | YXY | 4 (40.75) | YH | |
TQ | 5 (-3.33) | # | YCH | 5 (30.00) | # | |
WM | 6 (-3.67) | # | TXH | 6 (9.90) | TH | |
TQS | 7 (-10.83) | TXH | YCL | 7 (8.17) | YM* | |
JM | 8 (-19.88) | # | TH | 8 (-10.00) | TG* | |
SJT | 9 (-26.88) | # | TXX | 9 (-23.77) | TH | |
TQL | 10 (-36.00) | TXX | ||||
HH | 11 (-44.53) | H* | ||||
THY | 12 (-45.27) | TR* | ||||
HXY | 13 (-45.46) | HH | ||||
THX | 14 (-63.58) | TH | ||||
HXW | 15 (-80.57) | HH |
行为 Behavior | 定义 Definitions | ||
---|---|---|---|
友好行为 Affiliative behavior | 挨坐 Sit near bout | 动物个体紧挨坐在对方身旁超过5 s Two or more individuals are sitting or huddling in close body contact lasting more than 5 s | |
近距 Proximity | 两个或几个个体在一定的距离内保持坐或卧的姿势,本研究距离采用 2 m Two or more individuals keep a sitting or lying posture within a certain distance, the distance in this study was 2 m | ||
互相理毛 Allogrooming | 一个个体用手指或手掌来分开和捋理另一个个体的毛发,并不时地从分开的毛发或露出的皮肤上拣出某些小颗粒放入嘴中咀嚼 An individual uses his /her fingers and palms to groom the fur of another individual. The groomer may pick out small objects from the recipient’s fur and eat them | ||
攻击行为 Aggressive behavior | 轻度攻击Mild aggression | 瞪眼 Stare | 眼睑上翻,眼睁大并紧盯着行为接受者,同时抬高身体向前呈前倾冲刺状,并保持此姿势3 ~ 5 s An individual looks directly at another individual with its eyes wide open and with its shoulders raised for about 3 - 5 s |
击地 Ground slap | 动物用一只手撑地,另一只手拍地,同时紧盯着行为接受者,然后再低头看地. 有时拍地的那只手拨弄一下地上的小草或小石块,然后再抬头和拍地,如此反复多次 One male individual supports with one hand on the ground, the other flaps the ground, and stares to the other male individual, then it looks down | ||
短冲 Short lunge | 一个个体冲向另一个个体,但距离少于两个个体身体长度 An individual directs a lunge < 2 body lengths to another individual | ||
长冲 Long lunge | 一个个体冲向另一个个体大于两个个体身体长度,但没有完全追赶 An individual directs a lunge > 2 body lengths to another individual but does not go into a full chase | ||
重度攻击 Intense aggression | 追赶 Chase | 一个个体紧盯着另外一个个体并快速冲过去,后者随之快速逃跑 An individual runs rapidly after another individual | |
抓 Seize | 一个个体抓住另外一个个体的身体、面部或颈部的毛,或干脆抓住耳朵,来回晃几下,再放开手. 有时行为者在抓住对方的同时将头贴近对方,并用眼睛紧盯着对方 One individual grabs the hair of the body, face, or neck of another one, or it may simply grab its ears. Shake it back and forth a few times before letting go. Sometimes the actors hold their heads close to each other while grasping each other, and stare at each other closely | ||
咬 Bite | 一个个体抓住并狠咬另一个个体,很快将其释放或停留几秒钟. 拥抱或玩耍时的轻咬不算攻击行为 An individual grabs and bites hard, either releasing the victim quickly or hanging on for several sec. Soft bites occurred in the context of embracing or play and were not counted as aggression |
Table 2 Definitions of affiliative and aggressive behaviors in Tibetan macaques
行为 Behavior | 定义 Definitions | ||
---|---|---|---|
友好行为 Affiliative behavior | 挨坐 Sit near bout | 动物个体紧挨坐在对方身旁超过5 s Two or more individuals are sitting or huddling in close body contact lasting more than 5 s | |
近距 Proximity | 两个或几个个体在一定的距离内保持坐或卧的姿势,本研究距离采用 2 m Two or more individuals keep a sitting or lying posture within a certain distance, the distance in this study was 2 m | ||
互相理毛 Allogrooming | 一个个体用手指或手掌来分开和捋理另一个个体的毛发,并不时地从分开的毛发或露出的皮肤上拣出某些小颗粒放入嘴中咀嚼 An individual uses his /her fingers and palms to groom the fur of another individual. The groomer may pick out small objects from the recipient’s fur and eat them | ||
攻击行为 Aggressive behavior | 轻度攻击Mild aggression | 瞪眼 Stare | 眼睑上翻,眼睁大并紧盯着行为接受者,同时抬高身体向前呈前倾冲刺状,并保持此姿势3 ~ 5 s An individual looks directly at another individual with its eyes wide open and with its shoulders raised for about 3 - 5 s |
击地 Ground slap | 动物用一只手撑地,另一只手拍地,同时紧盯着行为接受者,然后再低头看地. 有时拍地的那只手拨弄一下地上的小草或小石块,然后再抬头和拍地,如此反复多次 One male individual supports with one hand on the ground, the other flaps the ground, and stares to the other male individual, then it looks down | ||
短冲 Short lunge | 一个个体冲向另一个个体,但距离少于两个个体身体长度 An individual directs a lunge < 2 body lengths to another individual | ||
长冲 Long lunge | 一个个体冲向另一个个体大于两个个体身体长度,但没有完全追赶 An individual directs a lunge > 2 body lengths to another individual but does not go into a full chase | ||
重度攻击 Intense aggression | 追赶 Chase | 一个个体紧盯着另外一个个体并快速冲过去,后者随之快速逃跑 An individual runs rapidly after another individual | |
抓 Seize | 一个个体抓住另外一个个体的身体、面部或颈部的毛,或干脆抓住耳朵,来回晃几下,再放开手. 有时行为者在抓住对方的同时将头贴近对方,并用眼睛紧盯着对方 One individual grabs the hair of the body, face, or neck of another one, or it may simply grab its ears. Shake it back and forth a few times before letting go. Sometimes the actors hold their heads close to each other while grasping each other, and stare at each other closely | ||
咬 Bite | 一个个体抓住并狠咬另一个个体,很快将其释放或停留几秒钟. 拥抱或玩耍时的轻咬不算攻击行为 An individual grabs and bites hard, either releasing the victim quickly or hanging on for several sec. Soft bites occurred in the context of embracing or play and were not counted as aggression |
Fig. 2 Correlation diagram of the proximity, grooming and aggression matrix of Tibetan macaques. A: Correlation of proximity matrix, grooming and the total number of times aggressive interaction; B: Correlation of proximity matrix, grooming and the number of times mild aggression; C: Correlation of proximity matrix, grooming and the number of times intense aggression
预测变量 Predictors | 估计值 Estimate | 标准误差 SE | Z 值 Z values | P 值 P values |
---|---|---|---|---|
截距 Intercept | -0.184 | 0.266 | -0.692 | 0.489 |
顺位差 Rank distance | -0.009 | 0.015 | -0.608 | 0.543 |
亲缘系数 Kinship index | 0.196 | 0.853 | 0.230 | 0.818 |
雌性对 Female dyadic | -0.600 | 0.226 | -2.653 | 0.008 |
异性对 Opposite sex dyadic | -0.356 | 0.289 | -1.228 | 0.220 |
理毛指数 Groom index | -6.834 | 4.349 | -1.571 | 0.116 |
个体关系 Individual relationship | 6.341 | 1.063 | 5.967 | 0.001 |
Table 3 Results of the GLMM to test factor affect the number of times aggression of Tibetan macaques
预测变量 Predictors | 估计值 Estimate | 标准误差 SE | Z 值 Z values | P 值 P values |
---|---|---|---|---|
截距 Intercept | -0.184 | 0.266 | -0.692 | 0.489 |
顺位差 Rank distance | -0.009 | 0.015 | -0.608 | 0.543 |
亲缘系数 Kinship index | 0.196 | 0.853 | 0.230 | 0.818 |
雌性对 Female dyadic | -0.600 | 0.226 | -2.653 | 0.008 |
异性对 Opposite sex dyadic | -0.356 | 0.289 | -1.228 | 0.220 |
理毛指数 Groom index | -6.834 | 4.349 | -1.571 | 0.116 |
个体关系 Individual relationship | 6.341 | 1.063 | 5.967 | 0.001 |
预测变量 Predictors | 估计值 Estimate | 标准误差 SE | Z 值 Z values | P 值 P values |
---|---|---|---|---|
截距 Intercept | -0.891 | 0.431 | -2.066 | 0.039 |
顺位差 Rank distance | 0.048 | 0.026 | 1.892 | 0.068 |
亲缘系数 Kinship index | 0.107 | 1.721 | 0.062 | 0.951 |
雌性对 Female dyadic | -1.345 | 0.436 | -3.103 | 0.002 |
异性对Opposite sex dyadic | -1.220 | 0.410 | -2.976 | 0.003 |
理毛指数 Groom index | -4.442 | 8.421 | -0.528 | 0.598 |
个体关系 Individual relationship | 9.926 | 2.177 | 4.559 | < 0.001 |
Table 4 Results of the GLMM to test factor affect mean aggression degree of Tibetan macaques
预测变量 Predictors | 估计值 Estimate | 标准误差 SE | Z 值 Z values | P 值 P values |
---|---|---|---|---|
截距 Intercept | -0.891 | 0.431 | -2.066 | 0.039 |
顺位差 Rank distance | 0.048 | 0.026 | 1.892 | 0.068 |
亲缘系数 Kinship index | 0.107 | 1.721 | 0.062 | 0.951 |
雌性对 Female dyadic | -1.345 | 0.436 | -3.103 | 0.002 |
异性对Opposite sex dyadic | -1.220 | 0.410 | -2.976 | 0.003 |
理毛指数 Groom index | -4.442 | 8.421 | -0.528 | 0.598 |
个体关系 Individual relationship | 9.926 | 2.177 | 4.559 | < 0.001 |
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