北部湾印太江豚密度估算及适宜栖息地预测

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150634

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目前我国印太江豚 (Neophocaena phocaenoides) 的基础信息十分有限，2018—2020年对北部湾离岸较近的广西壮族自治区合浦儒艮国家级自然保护区及离岸较远的涠洲岛水域进行了截线抽样法船只考察。应用DISTANCE估算出儒艮国家级自然保护区印太江豚密度约为每平方千米0.273 (0.133 ~ 0.561) 头，数量约88头 (95%CI：43 ~ 181)；涠洲岛水域印太江豚密度约为每平方千米0.100 (0.048 ~ 0.210) 头，数量约137头 (95%CI：65 ~ 286)。利用最大熵模型 (MaxEnt) 分析北部湾水域印太江豚的适宜栖息地分布及面积。MaxEnt模型训练集和测试集AUC值分别为0.980和0.927，模型拟合度较好，结果表明离岸距离和海洋深度是影响印太江豚栖息地分布的主要因子，印太江豚的适宜栖息地在北部湾东北部近岸区和海南西侧，适宜度超过0.5的栖息地面积达14 630.62 km²。2018—2020年印太江豚适宜栖息地面积较2013年大幅度下降，0.5适宜度的栖息地面积减少了40%。参考印太江豚2个群体的平均密度和北部湾适宜栖息地面积，粗略估计北部湾水域印太江豚约1 463 ~ 3 994头。由此可见，北部湾水域内印太江豚密度比较高，应引起足够的重视。建议首先进行区域性海洋环境的整体保护，重点关注鱼类资源的恢复及对人类活动尤其渔船的管控，并尽快建立新的自然保护区。

关键词: 北部湾, 栖息地分析, 儒艮国家级自然保护区, 涠洲岛, 印太江豚

Abstract:

There is little information about the Indo-Pacific finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in China. Between 2018 and 2020, we conducted boat surveys in the inshore of Guangxi Hepu State Dugong National Natural Reserve and offshore of Weizhou Island waters using the line-transect sampling method. The density of finless porpoise estimated using DISTANCE software in Dugong National Natural Reserve was 0.273 (0.133 - 0.561) ind./km², with a population of 88 (95%CI: 43 - 181). The population density in Weizhou Island was 0.100 (0.048 - 0.210) ind./km², with a mean population of 137 (95%CI: 65 - 286). We also used MaxEnt software to analyze the distribution of suitable habitats for finless porpoises in the Beibu Gulf. The AUC values of the MaxEnt model were 0.980 and 0.927 for the training and test sets, respectively, indicating good model performance. The model indicates that offshore distance and water depth are the main factors affecting the habitat distribution of Indo-Pacific finless porpoise. It was predicted that the northeastern coastal area of Beibu Gulf and the western side of Hainan were the most suitable habitat for the finless porpoise. The habitat area with suitability greater than 0.5 was 14 630.62 km². From 2018 to 2020, the area of suitable habitat for Indo-Pacific finless porpoise decreased significantly by 40% compared with that in 2013. According to the density of the two groups and suitable habitat area, it was estimated that there are about 1 463 - 3 994 Indo-Pacific finless porpoises in Beibu Gulf. Thus, the number of finless porpoises in the Beibu Gulf is relatively high. Adequate attention should be paid to the protection of the Indo-Pacific finless porpoise. We suggest strengthening the protection of the marine ecosystem, restoring fish resources, controlling anthropogenic activities, especially fishing boats, and establishing new nature reserves.

Key words: Beibu Gulf, Prediction of habitat, Dugong National Nature Reserve, Weizhou Island, Finless porpoise

中图分类号:

Q958.1

孟祥垚, 汪华志, 周煜, 张宏科, 乔莹, 陈炳耀. 北部湾印太江豚密度估算及适宜栖息地预测[J]. 兽类学报, 2022, 42(4): 362-369.

Xiangyao MENG, Huazhi WANG, Yu ZHOU, Hongke ZHANG, Ying QIAO, Bingyao CHEN. Density estimation and suitable habitat prediction of Indo-Pacific finless porpoise in the Beibu Gulf[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2022, 42(4): 362-369.

图/表 4

图1 调查区域及样线设置. A：儒艮保护区；B：涠洲岛

Fig.1 Survey area and sample line. A: Dugong Reserve; B: Weizhou Island

图2 环境变量响应曲线 (A) 和刀切法检验结果 (B)

Fig.2 Response curve of environmental variables (A) and test results of knife cutting method (B). dis: Offshore distance; SST: Sea surface temperature

图3 2013年 (A) 和2018—2020年 (B) 北部湾印太江豚适宜栖息地分布图.颜色越红，适宜度越高

Fig. 3 The distribution of suitable habitat of Indo-Pacific finless porpoise in Beibu Gulf in 2013 (A) and 2018 ? 2020 (B). Red represents high suitability

图4 北部湾印太江豚背部疑似人类活动造成的伤痕

Fig. 4 The scar on the dorsal peduncle most probably instigated have anthropogenic origin

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