关键词: 重层社会, 社会动力, 雌性亲缘组合, 一雄多雌制, 社会联属关系

Abstract: Multi-level societies comprise social systems in which individual relationships are implemented at two or more
levels within the community. These societies are the most complicated social structures in non-human primates. Only Hamadryas and Gelada baboons,as well as snub-nosed monkeys possess these characteristics. The fundamental social unit for all these species is the one-male unit (OMU). The basic social structure shows similarities with other colobine monkeys, however,each unit is not independent,but rather these OMUs aggregate to form troops composed of hundreds of animals. The mechanism behind the stable formation of such organizations has been widely discussed. Studies of hamadryas and gelada baboons have shown that they clearly differ in terms of individual social relationships and dynamics. Understanding the diversity of polygynous social systems within multi-level societies could greatly help us clarify the relationship between primate social evolution and environmental adaptation. To date,information regarding the social organization of snubnosed monkeys living in multi-level societies remains insufficient to draw any strong conclusions. Here we briefly review matrilineal and non-matrilineal polygynous systems,focusing on differences in individual dispersal,patterns of residential male replacement,OMU succession,female kin-bonds,and reproductive strategies among species living in multi-level societies. This review is intended to provide background to current research and to inspire further research on snub-nosed monkeys,as well as to guide conservation work concerning these endangered primate species.

Key words: Female kin-bond, Multi-level society, Polygynous, Social affiliation, Social dynamics