白头叶猴的长距离鸣叫具有防御过夜地的功能

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.151048

兽类学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (6): 820-830.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151048

白头叶猴的长距离鸣叫具有防御过夜地的功能

宋雨千¹^,²^,³, 易柏君¹^,²^,³, 陶梅洁¹^,²^,³, 农登攀⁴, 周岐海¹^,²^,³(), 范鹏来¹^,²^,³()

^1.珍稀濒危动植物生态与环境保护教育部重点实验室，广西师范大学，桂林 541006
^2.崇左白头叶猴野外科学观测研究站，广西师范大学，崇左 532200
^3.广西珍稀濒危动物生态学重点实验室，广西师范大学，桂林 541006
^4.广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区管理局，崇左 532200

收稿日期:2025-01-03 接受日期:2025-03-17 出版日期:2025-11-30 发布日期:2025-12-03
通讯作者: 周岐海,范鹏来
作者简介:宋雨千 (2000- )，女，硕士研究生，主要从事非人灵长类声音通讯研究.
基金资助:
广西自然科学基金重点项目(2022GXNSFDA08004);国家自然科学基金(32470497);国家自然科学基金(32170492);国家自然科学基金(31900335);广西科技基地和人才专项(桂科23026190)

The long-distance calling of white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) serves a defensive function for their sleeping sites

Yuqian SONG¹^,²^,³, Bojun YI¹^,²^,³, Meijie TAO¹^,²^,³, Dengpan NONG⁴, Qihai ZHOU¹^,²^,³(), Penglai FAN¹^,²^,³()

^1.Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China
^2.The Chongzuo White-Headed Langur Field Observation and Research Station of Guangxi, Guangxi Normal University, Chongzuo 532200, China
^3.Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal Ecology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541006, China
^4.Guangxi Chongzuo White-Headed Langur National Nature Reserve Administration, Chongzuo 532200, China

Received:2025-01-03 Accepted:2025-03-17 Online:2025-11-30 Published:2025-12-03
Contact: Qihai ZHOU, Penglai FAN

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

发声物种的长距离鸣叫是一种独特的声音信号，因鸣叫洪亮和传播距离远而著称，通常由雄性个体发出，常被推断具有宣誓领地、防御重要资源和吸引配偶等重要社会生态功能。白头叶猴 (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) 是中国特有的非人灵长类动物，栖息在广西西南部的喀斯特石山森林中，雄性成年白头叶猴经常发出长距离鸣叫，但这类叫声在其生存繁衍中的作用尚不明确。2023年2—8月，我们在广西崇左白头叶猴国家级自然保护区板利片区收集了8个白头叶猴群的成年雄性的长距离鸣叫位置和时间、觅食和过夜地信息，检验了白头叶猴长距离鸣叫对食物和过夜地两种重要资源的防御功能。结果显示，白头叶猴成年雄性在猴群出洞后平均38 min和距离过夜地平均43 m远的地点进行初次自发鸣叫，而在猴群回洞前平均39 min和距离过夜地平均43 m远的地点进行末次自发鸣叫，且过夜地的位置显著影响白头叶猴的鸣叫位置，支持过夜地防御假设。然而，觅食地点对鸣叫位置无显著影响，不支持食物资源防御假设。本研究首次阐明了白头叶猴的长距离鸣叫对防御重要生存资源的作用，将促进理解白头叶猴声音通讯的适应机制和功能，为珍稀濒危物种的保护提供科学依据。

关键词: 白头叶猴, 长距离鸣叫, 资源防御假说, 濒危物种保护

Abstract:

Long-distance calling is a distinctive vocal signal known for its loudness and long-range transmission, typically emitted by male individuals. It is often inferred to serve important socio-ecological functions, such as territory defense, protection of valuable resources, and mate attraction. The white-headed langur (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) is an endemic primate species in China, inhabiting the karst limestone forests in the southwestern of Guangxi. The role of long-distance calling in the survival and reproduction of white-headed langurs remains unclear. Between February 2023 and August 2023, we collected data on the long-distance calling locations and times of adult males from eight white-headed langur groups, as well as information on their foraging and sleeping sites, in the Banli area of the Chongzuo White-headed Langur National Nature Reserve, Guangxi. We tested the defensive function of long-distance calls concerning two important resources: food and sleeping sites. The results indicated that adult male white-headed langurs initiate their first long-distance calls an average of 38 min after the group departs from the cave, at an average distance of 43 m from the sleeping site. They make their last long-distance calls an average of 39 min before the group returns to the cave, also at an average distance of 43 m from the sleeping site. Additionally, the location of the sleeping site significantly influenced the calling location of the white-headed langurs, supporting the hypothesis that these calls serve a sleeping site defense function. However, foraging locations had no significant impact on calling locations, which did not support the food resource defense hypothesis. These findings indicate that long-distance calling in white-headed langurs is used for defending sleeping sites but not food resources. This study is the first to clarify the role of long-distance calls in defending critical survival resources in white-headed langurs. It enhances our understanding of the adaptive mechanisms and functions of vocal communication in white-headed langurs and provides scientific evidence for the conservation of rare and endangered species.

Key words: White-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus), Long-distance call, Resource defense hypothesis, Endangered species conservation

中图分类号:

Q958.1

宋雨千, 易柏君, 陶梅洁, 农登攀, 周岐海, 范鹏来. 白头叶猴的长距离鸣叫具有防御过夜地的功能[J]. 兽类学报, 2025, 45(6): 820-830.

Yuqian SONG, Bojun YI, Meijie TAO, Dengpan NONG, Qihai ZHOU, Penglai FAN. The long-distance calling of white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) serves a defensive function for their sleeping sites[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(6): 820-830.

图/表 7

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猴群 Group	猴群组成 Group composition
猴群 Group	成年雄性Adult male	成年雌性Adult female	青少年 Juvenile	婴儿 Infant	总计 Total
GZWY1	1	13	18	6	38
GZWY2	1	13	8	5	27
GZWY3	1	13	8	4	26
GNS	1	9	8	6	24
GDS1	1	17	0	5	23
GDS2	1	17	0	5	23
GXC	1	8	4	4	17
GST2	1	10	0	0	11

猴群 Group	猴群组成 Group composition
猴群 Group	成年雄性Adult male	成年雌性Adult female	青少年 Juvenile	婴儿 Infant	总计 Total
GZWY1	1	13	18	6	38
GZWY2	1	13	8	5	27
GZWY3	1	13	8	4	26
GNS	1	9	8	6	24
GDS1	1	17	0	5	23
GDS2	1	17	0	5	23
GXC	1	8	4	4	17
GST2	1	10	0	0	11

模型摘要 Model summary	估计值 Estimate	SE	z	P
截距 Intercept	-1.148 87	0.242 15	-4.744	< 0.001
过夜地 Sleeping site	0.145 84	0.062 44	2.336	< 0.05
觅食地 Foraging site	0.175 28	0.189 45	0.925	0.355
模型比较 Model comparison		df	χ²	P
全模型与空模型对比 Full vs. Null model		2	17.019	< 0.001

模型摘要 Model summary	估计值 Estimate	SE	z	P
截距 Intercept	-1.148 87	0.242 15	-4.744	< 0.001
过夜地 Sleeping site	0.145 84	0.062 44	2.336	< 0.05
觅食地 Foraging site	0.175 28	0.189 45	0.925	0.355
模型比较 Model comparison		df	χ²	P
全模型与空模型对比 Full vs. Null model		2	17.019	< 0.001

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白头叶猴的长距离鸣叫具有防御过夜地的功能

The long-distance calling of white-headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) serves a defensive function for their sleeping sites

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Metrics

猴群 Group	野外观察 Field observations		长距离鸣叫 Long-distance calls	行为地点 Behavioral localities
猴群 Group	天 Days	小时 Hours	长距离鸣叫 Long-distance calls	鸣叫 Calling	过夜 Sleeping	觅食 Foraging
GZWY1	19	159	22	14	36	67
GZWY2	9	76	29	26	18	14
GZWY3	8	63	28	25	16	39
GNS	36	275	59	50	70	8
GDS1	17	134	20	16	32	14
GDS2	19	153	30	26	37	11
GXC	18	134	28	23	33	3
GST2	18	139	44	34	34	8
总计 Total	144	1 133	260	214	276	164

猴群 Group	离开过夜地 Leave the sleeping site		返回过夜地 Return to sleeping site
猴群 Group	初次鸣叫与离开过夜地平均时长 Average time between the first calling and leaving sleeping site/min	平均鸣叫距离 Average distance/m	末次鸣叫与进入过夜地平均时长 Average time between the last calling and returning sleeping site/min	平均鸣叫距离 Average distance/m
GZWY1	59	63	43	26
GZWY2	49	34	7	21
GZWY3	—	—	—	—
GNS	26	26	122	79
GDS1	32	25	45	34
GDS2	38	70	17	34
GXC	55	48	23	37
GST2	8	34	13	67
平均 Average	38	43	39	43