亚洲象对同类隆叫声和无人机次声录音回放的行为反应无显著差异

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150977

兽类学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (6): 842-850.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150977

• 研究论文 • 上一篇

亚洲象对同类隆叫声和无人机次声录音回放的行为反应无显著差异

申思嘉¹(), 王璐², 赵旭², 刘涛², 刘学锋²^,³(), 刘定震¹()

^1.北京师范大学生命科学学院，生物多样性与生态工程教育部重点实验室，北京 100875
^2.北京动物园管理处，北京 100044
^3.圈养野生动物技术北京市重点实验室，北京 100044

收稿日期:2024-07-10 接受日期:2025-09-10 出版日期:2025-11-30 发布日期:2025-12-03
通讯作者: 刘学锋,刘定震
作者简介:申思嘉 (2000- )，女，硕士研究生，主要从事动物行为学研究. E-mail: dyyxshensijia@126.com
基金资助:
北京动物园管理处园管课题(KGBZ202220)

No remarkable differences in behavioral responses in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to playbacks of recordings of UAV infrasound and conspecific rumble calls

Sijia SHEN¹(), Lu WANG², Xu ZHAO², Tao LIU², Xuefeng LIU²^,³(), Dingzhen LIU¹()

^1.Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
^2.Beijing Zoo Administration, Beijing 100044, China
^3.Beijing Key Laboratory of Captive Wildlife Technology, Beijing 100044, China

Received:2024-07-10 Accepted:2025-09-10 Online:2025-11-30 Published:2025-12-03
Contact: Xuefeng LIU, Dingzhen LIU

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

无人机技术已被广泛应用于野生动物研究与保护等诸多领域。然而，无人机飞行过程中产生的次声波噪声是否对野生动物，尤其是对次声波较为敏感的物种产生影响尚属空白。本文以北京动物园3头圈养亚洲象 (Elephas maximus) 为研究对象，采用习惯化‑去习惯化实验设计方案，探究了亚洲象对同类隆叫声及无人机次声波录音回放的行为反应。结果显示，亚洲象对重复回放的同类隆叫声录音产生了习惯化，然而，并未对无人机次声波录音回放表现显著的去习惯化行为反应。基于我们的实验设计和现有的回放设备，从行为学层面，圈养亚洲象未能区分两种声音的录音。针对无人机次声波噪声是否影响亚洲象个体间的通讯交流及其社会行为，未来需要选择合适频率范围的无人机噪声并采用高质量的回放设备，开展进一步的研究。

关键词: 次声波, 无人机, 习惯化?去习惯化, 亚洲象, 声学通讯

Abstract:

The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technology has been widely used in many fields of wildlife study and conservation. It remains, however, highly unknown whether the infrasonic noise generated by the flying UAV will impair the behavior of wild animals, especially species which are sensitive to infrasound. This study investigated the behavioral responses in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) at Beijing Zoo to playbacks of recordings of UAVs infrasound and the rumble calls of conspecific by employing a Habituation-Dishabituation paradigm. The results show that captive elephants displayed no dishabituation in response to the playbacks of UAV infrasound recordings even though they have got habituated to the playback of conspecific rumble call recordings. Under our experimental paradigm and with the playback equipment currently available, captive Asian elephants did not behaviorally discriminate between the two acoustic recordings. Whether UAV infrasonic noise interferes with intraspecific communication and social behavior in this species remains unresolved; future work should therefore employ UAV noise within an appropriate frequency range and high-fidelity playback systems to clarify this issue.

Key words: Infrasound, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, Habituation-dishabituation, Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), Acoustic communication

中图分类号:

Q958

申思嘉, 王璐, 赵旭, 刘涛, 刘学锋, 刘定震. 亚洲象对同类隆叫声和无人机次声录音回放的行为反应无显著差异[J]. 兽类学报, 2025, 45(6): 842-850.

Sijia SHEN, Lu WANG, Xu ZHAO, Tao LIU, Xuefeng LIU, Dingzhen LIU. No remarkable differences in behavioral responses in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to playbacks of recordings of UAV infrasound and conspecific rumble calls[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(6): 842-850.

图/表 11

图1 北京动物园象馆示意图

Fig. 1 The schematic diagram of elephant exhibit in Beijing Zoo

图2 亚洲象隆叫声和无人机次声的时频图. 颜色的明暗代表声音信号的幅值转分贝值后的大小，转换时的参考值设置为幅值的最大值

Fig. 2 Spectrograms of elephants’ rumble and the infrasound of drone. The brightness of the color represents the magnitude of the sound signal after converting its amplitude to decibel (dB) values, with the maximum amplitude set as the reference for the conversion

图3 过滤后无人机噪声的频谱图. 最大频率不超过20 Hz

Fig. 3 The spectrum of filtered drone noise. The max frequency is less than 20 Hz

图4 过滤后亚洲象隆叫的频谱图

Fig. 4 The spectrum of filtered rumble

图5 回放序列示意图. 黑色与灰色矩形分别代表亚洲象隆叫 (H1 ~ H3) 与无人机次声 (DH) 播放，每段声音刺激的时长为1.5 min；白色矩形代表行为观察窗口，持续2 min

Fig. 5 The black and grey blocks represent elephant rumble (marked as H1 - H3) and the UAV infrasound (DH) playbacks, respectively. Each stimulus lasts 1.5 minutes. The white blocks represent the 2‑minute observation time window

图6 象馆内回放实验场地示意图

Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of the playback test site inside the elephant exhibit

表1 回放实验中亚洲象行为反应

Table 1 Behavior responses of Asian elephants in the playback test

行为类型

Behavior type

定义

Definition

倾听

Listening

亚洲象持续抬起或张开双耳，并将头部转向声源方向以接收声信号；该行为发生后，个体可能进入静止状态，且此静止过程持续时间通常不短于2 s. 此类具有倾听功能的静止状态与休息状态存在显著差异：后者的典型表现为双耳与头部呈下垂姿态的静止不动

Asian elephants continuously lift or spread their ears and turn their heads toward the sound source to receive acoustic signals. After this behavior occurs， the individual may enter a stationary state， and the duration of this stationary period is usually not less than 2 seconds. This stationary state with listening function is significantly different from the resting state： the latter is typically characterized by immobility with drooping ears and head

探索

亚洲象在不移动的情况下，通过伸展鼻子，向声源方向的地面或空气开展嗅闻、吹气等动作

When Asian elephants remain immobile， they extend their trunks to sniff or blow at the ground or air in the direction of the sound source

靠近

Approach

在录音播放后，亚洲象先将视线定向声源方向，随后向该声源位置发生位移

After the playback of audio recordings， Asian elephants first orient their gaze toward the sound source， and then move toward the location of the sound source

后退

Retreat

在录音播放后，亚洲象呈现倒退移动或主动远离播放器的行为

After the playback of audio recordings， Asian elephants exhibit backward movement or actively move away from the player

发声

Vocalization

在录音播放后，亚洲象发出低频的隆叫声表示回应

After the playback of audio recordings， Asian elephants produce low-frequency rumbles as a form of response

表1 回放实验中亚洲象行为反应

Table 1 Behavior responses of Asian elephants in the playback test

行为类型

Behavior type

定义

Definition

倾听

Listening

探索

亚洲象在不移动的情况下，通过伸展鼻子，向声源方向的地面或空气开展嗅闻、吹气等动作

When Asian elephants remain immobile， they extend their trunks to sniff or blow at the ground or air in the direction of the sound source

靠近

Approach

在录音播放后，亚洲象先将视线定向声源方向，随后向该声源位置发生位移

After the playback of audio recordings， Asian elephants first orient their gaze toward the sound source， and then move toward the location of the sound source

后退

Retreat

在录音播放后，亚洲象呈现倒退移动或主动远离播放器的行为

After the playback of audio recordings， Asian elephants exhibit backward movement or actively move away from the player

发声

Vocalization

在录音播放后，亚洲象发出低频的隆叫声表示回应

After the playback of audio recordings， Asian elephants produce low-frequency rumbles as a form of response

图 7 亚洲象在回放隆叫和无人机次声时行为反应的平均持续时长

Fig. 7 The mean duration of behavioral responses of Asian elephants during the playback test of rumbles and UAV infrasound

图 8 在回放隆叫和无人机次声录音片段中，亚洲象表现出倾听或任一行为反应的声音片段分别占各自总数的百分比. ** P < 0.01

Fig. 8 Percentage of trials during which the Asian elephants displayed listening behavior or any behavioral response when played back with rumble recordings and UAV infrasound recordings respectively, relative to their total number of respective trials. ** P < 0.01

图 9 在有明显行为反应的回放实验中，亚洲象倾听行为及总行为持续时长的变化.灰色箱代表习惯化的3个阶段，黑色箱代表去习惯化阶段.* P < 0.05，NS代表无显著差异

Fig. 9 The change of duration of listening behavior and duration of 5 types of behaviors to stimuli in each trial of sessions during which elephants showed behavioral responses. The grey boxes represent 3 habituation trials, and the black box represents the dishabituation trial. *P < 0.05. NS represents non-significant difference between trials

表2 亚洲象隆叫和无人机次声波的最大频率、峰值频率、平均频率和重心频率

Table 2 The highest frequency, peak frequency, mean frequency and spectrum centroid of the rumble of Asian elephant and UAV infrasound

声音类别Sound types

最大频率Highest frequency/Hz

峰值频率Peak frequency/Hz

平均频率Mean frequency/Hz

重心频率Spectrum centroid/Hz

隆叫

Rumble

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亚洲象对同类隆叫声和无人机次声录音回放的行为反应无显著差异

No remarkable differences in behavioral responses in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to playbacks of recordings of UAV infrasound and conspecific rumble calls

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