兽类学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (2): 171-183.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151004
张迅1, 黄娜婷1, 李静怡1, 陈家瑞1, 魏青1,2(
)
收稿日期:2024-08-28
接受日期:2024-12-31
出版日期:2026-03-30
发布日期:2026-03-06
通讯作者:
魏青
作者简介:张迅(2001- ),男,硕士研究生,主要从事动物生态学研究.
基金资助:
Xun ZHANG1, Nating HUANG1, Jingyi LI1, Jiarui CHEN1, Qing WEI1,2(
)
Received:2024-08-28
Accepted:2024-12-31
Online:2026-03-30
Published:2026-03-06
Contact:
Qing WEI
摘要:
低氧会影响动物组织细胞氧化还原状态导致内质网应激,心脏在机体氧供需平衡调控中至关重要,在内质网应激下容易受到损伤。终年生活在高海拔低氧环境的牦牛(Bos grunniens)对高原环境具有良好的适应,但高海拔牦牛心脏组织为应对低氧造成的内质网应激,其免疫细胞相关功能有何变化尚不清楚。为此,本研究选取青海曲麻莱县(海拔4 500 m)与循化县(海拔2 600 m)不同海拔的高原型牦牛作为研究对象,利用转录组测序和单细胞转录组测序技术来探究高、低海拔牦牛心脏组织中免疫作用相关基因表达差异和主要免疫细胞的功能变化,以期进一步了解牦牛心脏组织在免疫方面的适应性变化。转录组测序数据分析结果表明,相对于低海拔牦牛,高海拔牦牛心脏中上调表达基因主要富集在内质网应激导致的受损细胞、错误蛋白清除等与免疫功能相关的通路上;GSEA分析发现高海拔牦牛心脏组织中,与内质网应激、内质网应激导致的受损细胞、错误蛋白清除的通路均被激活;RT‑qPCR实验表明免疫相关基因(LCP1、HLA‑A、IGHM、FCGR3等)的表达量在高海拔牦牛心脏组织中显著高于低海拔牦牛(P < 0.05),且表达趋势与转录组结果一致;单细胞转录组测序结果显示,高海拔牦牛心脏组织中淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞和树突状细胞3种免疫细胞的细胞频率下降,且单细胞转录组测序发现高海拔牦牛3种免疫细胞中上调表达基因均显著富集在Fcγ‑R介导的吞噬通路、T细胞受体信号、抗原处理和呈递通路等细胞异物清除的免疫通路中。综上,高海拔牦牛心脏免疫细胞吞噬、杀伤、免疫复合物清除等能力的增强,可有效保证内质网应激引起的细胞内错误折叠蛋白等异物增加的清除功能,以更好地适应高原低氧环境。
中图分类号:
张迅, 黄娜婷, 李静怡, 陈家瑞, 魏青. 基于转录组测序数据探讨高海拔牦牛心脏免疫细胞的功能[J]. 兽类学报, 2026, 46(2): 171-183.
Xun ZHANG, Nating HUANG, Jingyi LI, Jiarui CHEN, Qing WEI. Exploring the function of immune cells in the heart of high-altitude yaks based on transcriptomic sequencing data[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 46(2): 171-183.
| 基因 Gene | 引物序列(5′-3′) Primer sequence(5′-3′) | 片段长度 Product length/bp |
|---|---|---|
| GAPDH | F: CATCACTGCCACCCAGAAGAC R: AGTGAGTGTCGCTGTTGAAGTCG | 335 |
| LCP1 | F: TTTGGCTGCCAGAACTGTTGC R: GCAGCTGATGTACCCATTGC | 129 |
| HLA-A | F: CAGGCTGTAGGCTACGTGGATG R: GGCCATCTTCCTGGATCTCAC | 247 |
| IGHM | F: TCGCCGACATCTTCCTCACA R: TCGCTCAAAATACGTGTGGGTC | 134 |
| FCGR3 | F: AATGGTGGCACAATGGGACT R: CTGGACCTTTGCTACAGGAGTTT | 245 |
表1 RT-qPCR引物信息
Table 1 RT-qPCR primer information
| 基因 Gene | 引物序列(5′-3′) Primer sequence(5′-3′) | 片段长度 Product length/bp |
|---|---|---|
| GAPDH | F: CATCACTGCCACCCAGAAGAC R: AGTGAGTGTCGCTGTTGAAGTCG | 335 |
| LCP1 | F: TTTGGCTGCCAGAACTGTTGC R: GCAGCTGATGTACCCATTGC | 129 |
| HLA-A | F: CAGGCTGTAGGCTACGTGGATG R: GGCCATCTTCCTGGATCTCAC | 247 |
| IGHM | F: TCGCCGACATCTTCCTCACA R: TCGCTCAAAATACGTGTGGGTC | 134 |
| FCGR3 | F: AATGGTGGCACAATGGGACT R: CTGGACCTTTGCTACAGGAGTTT | 245 |
图2 高、低海拔牦牛免疫相关基因的mRNA的相对表达量. *表示差异显著,P < 0.05;**表示差异极显著,P < 0.01
Fig. 2 Relative expression of mRNAs of immunity-related genes in yaks at high and low altitudes. * indicates significant difference, P < 0.05; ** indicates highly significant difference, P < 0.01
图3 高、低海拔牦牛心脏组织上调表达基因GO(A)和KEGG(B)富集分析. 纵坐标为-log10(Qvalue),横坐标为Z-score值(上调差异基因数目与下调差异基因数目的差值占总差异基因的比例),黄线代表Qvalue = 0.05的阈值
Fig. 3 Map of GO (A) and KEGG (B) enrichment analysis of up-regulated genes expressed in high and low altitude yak heart tissues. The vertical coordinate is -log10 (Qvalue), the horizontal coordinate is the Z-score value (the difference between the number of up-regulated differential genes and the number of down-regulated differential genes as a proportion of the total number of differential genes), and the yellow line represents the threshold of Qvalue = 0.05
| 基因 Gene | 差异倍数 FC | P值 P value | 功能描述 Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| CD3D | 1.70 | 4.78E-19 | TCR受体复合物 TCR receptor complex |
| CD8A | 1.90 | 5.55E-10 | CD8蛋白 CD8 protein |
| PRF1 | 2.67 | 1.70E-18 | 编码穿孔素蛋白,直接参与细胞杀伤 Encodes perforin protein, directly involved in cell killing |
| LCP1 | 1.81 | 4.75E-34 | LCP1响应CD28蛋白的共刺激增强第二信号的传导 LCP1 enhances second signalling in response to co-stimulation of CD28 protein |
| HLA-A | 1.50 | 6.24E-06 | MHCI蛋白 MHCI protein |
| IGHM | 1.68 | 5.87E-18 | 免疫球蛋白Fc区 Immunoglobulin Fc zone |
| FCGR3 | 2.78 | 2.70E-11 | Fcγ 受体 Fcγ receptor |
| RAC2 | 1.79 | 3.88E-12 | 增强吞噬细胞吞噬作用 Enhancement of phagocytosis by phagocytes |
| IL2RB | 1.40 | 9.00E-26 | IL-2受体 IL-2 receptor |
表2 免疫相关的主要差异表达基因
Table 2 Highly expressed immunity genes
| 基因 Gene | 差异倍数 FC | P值 P value | 功能描述 Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| CD3D | 1.70 | 4.78E-19 | TCR受体复合物 TCR receptor complex |
| CD8A | 1.90 | 5.55E-10 | CD8蛋白 CD8 protein |
| PRF1 | 2.67 | 1.70E-18 | 编码穿孔素蛋白,直接参与细胞杀伤 Encodes perforin protein, directly involved in cell killing |
| LCP1 | 1.81 | 4.75E-34 | LCP1响应CD28蛋白的共刺激增强第二信号的传导 LCP1 enhances second signalling in response to co-stimulation of CD28 protein |
| HLA-A | 1.50 | 6.24E-06 | MHCI蛋白 MHCI protein |
| IGHM | 1.68 | 5.87E-18 | 免疫球蛋白Fc区 Immunoglobulin Fc zone |
| FCGR3 | 2.78 | 2.70E-11 | Fcγ 受体 Fcγ receptor |
| RAC2 | 1.79 | 3.88E-12 | 增强吞噬细胞吞噬作用 Enhancement of phagocytosis by phagocytes |
| IL2RB | 1.40 | 9.00E-26 | IL-2受体 IL-2 receptor |
图4 高、低海拔牦牛心脏组织GO term(A)和KEGG Pathway GSEA(B)分析
Fig. 4 Analysis of GO term (A) and KEGG Pathway GSEA (B) in high and low altitude yak heart tissue.QML: The yaks of Qumalai County; XH-Y: The yaks of Xunhua County
图6 高、低海拔牦牛心脏组织3种免疫细胞差异表达基因KEGG富集分析. A:淋巴细胞;B:巨噬细胞;C:树突状细胞
Fig. 6 Enrichment analysis of KEGG, a gene differentially expressed by three immune cells in the heart of yaks at high and low altitudes. A: lymphocytes; B: macrophages; C: dendritic cells
图7 相关免疫基因作用通路. A:CD8+T细胞激活、内质网应激受损细胞的清除;B:吞噬细胞对免疫复合物的吞噬;↑:基因上调表达
Fig. 7 Pathway map of relevant immune genes. A: activation of CD8+T cells and clearance of endoplasmic reticulum stress damaged cells; B: phagocytosis of immune complexes by phagocytes; ↑: up-regulated gene expression
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