Comparative study on the spatial and temporal niche of the same domain distribution of Arctonyx collaris and Paguma larvata in Suichang, Zhejiang Province

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150840

Abstract

Abstract: The hog badger (Arctonyx collaris) and the masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) are dominant species among small carnivores in the mountainous areas of Suichang, Zhejiang, with similar feeding habits and environmental niches. In order to explore the mechanism by which hog badger and masked palm civet coexist in the same region, we conducted infrared camera monitoring in five sample areas (Baima Mountain, Qianfo Mountain, Jiulong Mountain, Niutou Mountain, and Hushan) of Suichang County, Zhejiang Province from June 2020 to June 2022. 71 camera deployment sites were selected and a total of 123 infrared cameras were used, resulting in a total of 19 654 effective working days and 2 184 independent effective events. We build species distribution models and daily activity rhythm models to analyze the spatiotemporal niches of hog badger and masked palm civet in the region. The results showed that both species were dominant among the local intermediate predators, but the relative abundance index (RAI) of hog badgers (9. 26) was higher than that of masked palm civets (3. 96). Both species exhibited high similarity in habitat selection, with an overlap coefficient of 0. 783 and an index of 0. 960 in spatial niche. There was a significant difference in diurnal activity between the two species (P < 0. 01), with hog badgers being active both during the day and night, while masked palm civets were mainly active at night. There was a significant overlap in spatial niche between hog badgers and masked palm civets, but a considerable differentiation in temporal niche, indicating a tendency for coexistence through reactive strategies between the two species. This study provides preliminary insights into the spatio-temporal niche characteristics and coexistence mechanisms of hog badgers and masked palm civets and serves as an example and theoretical reference for understanding interspecific relationships and biodiversity conservation of coexisting intermediate predators in the same region.

Key words: Arctonyx collaris, Paguma larvata, Ecological niche, Interspecies relation, Daily activity rhythm

摘要： 猪獾 (Arctonyx collaris) 与花面狸 (Paguma larvata) 是浙江遂昌山地小型食肉兽中的优势物种，具有相似的食性和环境选择。为探明同域分布的猪獾与花面狸的共存机制，于 2020 年 6 月至 2022 年 6 月，在浙江省遂昌县5 个样区 (白马山、千佛山、九龙山、牛头山和湖山) 进行红外相机监测，选取相机布设位点 71 个，布设 123 台红外相机，总有效工作日 19 654 个，独立有效事件 2 184 次，使用物种分布模型和日活动节律模型对该地区的猪獾与花面狸的时空生态位进行分析。结果表明：(1) 两者为当地中级捕食者中的优势物种，但猪獾 (RAI = 9. 26) 的相对多度指数高于花面狸 (RAI = 3. 96)；(2) 两者对于生境选择具有较高相似性，空间生态位上的重叠系数为：D = 0. 783，I = 0. 960；(3) 两者昼夜活动差异极显著 (P < 0. 01)，猪獾昼夜均有活动，花面狸主要在夜间活动。猪獾与花面狸在空间生态位上存在较大程度重叠，但在时间生态位上存在较大程度分化，表明两者之间倾向于通过反应性策略共存。本研究结果初步揭示了猪獾与花面狸的时空生态位特征与共存机制，为深入理解同域中级捕食者种间关系及区域内生物多样性的保护提供实例和理论参考。

关键词: 猪獾, 花面狸, 生态位, 种间关系, 日活动节律

CLC Number:

Q958.1

ZHAO Jiale, GONG Xiaofei, PAN Jiangyan, LI Yue, WEN Zuohao, YE Yi, GAO Jianming, ZHAO Ayong, LIN Zhihua. Comparative study on the spatial and temporal niche of the same domain distribution of Arctonyx collaris and Paguma larvata in Suichang, Zhejiang Province[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(3): 297-308.

赵家乐, 龚笑飞, 潘江炎, 李悦, 温作豪, 叶毅, 高建明, 赵阿勇, 林植华. 浙江遂昌地区同域分布猪獾与花面狸时空生态位比较[J]. 兽类学报, 2024, 44(3): 297-308.

References

Andersen G E, Johnson C N, Jones M E. 2020. Space use and temporal partitioning of sympatric Tasmanian devils and spotted‐tailed quolls. Austral Ecology, 45(3):355-365.
Bao W D, Li X J, Shi Y. 2005. Comparative analysis of food habits in carnivores from three areas of Beijing. Zoological Research, 26(2):118-122.(in Chinese)
Bu H L, Wang F, Mcshea W J, Lu Z, Wang D J, Li S. 2016. Spatial co-occurrence and activity patterns of mesocarnivores in the temperate forests of Southwest China. PLoS ONE, 11(10):e0164271.
Broekhuis F, Cozzi G, Valeix M, McNutt J W, Macdonald D W. 2013. Risk avoidance in sympatric large carnivores:reactive or predictive?Journal of Animal Ecology, 82(5):1098-1105.
Chen Z Q, Zhao Z H, Wang Y F, Wei L, Ding G H, Lin Z H. 2021. Analysis of activity rhythm and prediction of potential suitable distribution of black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons) based on the ITCT and MaxEnt model. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 41(9):3535-3547.(in Chinese)
Chiang P J, Pei K J C, Vaughan M R, Li C F. 2012. Niche relationships of carnivores in a subtropical primary forest in southern Taiwan. Zoological Studies, 51(4):500-511.
Davis C L, Rich L N, Farris Z J, Kelly M J, Di Bitetti M S, Blanco Y D, Albanesi S, Farhadinia M S, Gholikhani N, Hamel S J. 2018. Ecological correlates of the spatial co-occurrence of sympatric mammalian carnivores worldwide. Ecology Letters, 21(9):1401-1412.
Elith J, Phillips S J, Hastie T, Dudík M, Chee Y E, Yates C J. 2011. A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Diversity and Distributions, 17(1):43-57.
El‐Gabbas A, Dormann C F. 2018. Improved species‐occurrence predictions in data‐poor regions:using large‐scale data and bias correction with down-weighted Poisson regression and Maxent. Ecography, 41(7):1161-1172.
Geng Q L, Chen X Q, He X H, Tian Z H. 2022. Vegetation dynamics and its response to climate change and human activities based on different vegetation types in China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 42(9):3557-3568.(in Chinese)
Herrera H, Chávez E J, Alfaro L D, Fuller T K, Montalvo V, Rodrigues F, Carrillo E. 2018. Time partitioning among jaguar Panthera onca, puma Puma concolor and ocelot Leopardus pardalis (Carnivora:Felidae) in Costa Rica's dry and rainforests. Revista de Biología Tropical, 66(4):1559-1568.
Huntley B J. 2023. General Concepts in Ecology. Ecology of Angola:Terrestrial Biomes and Ecoregions. Cham:Springer International Publishing, 185-213.
Hayashi K, Iijima H. 2022. Density estimation of non-independent unmarked animals from camera traps. Ecological Modelling, 472:110100.
Hu Q, Lin H Q, Dai Q, Yang Z, He L, Zhang W, Shi X J. 2020. Niche differentiation among three middle-sized carnivores in Wolong Nature Reserve. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 55(6):685-691.(in Chinese)
Hao X Y, He C, Chu K L, Shen Z X, Zhao Q, Gao W, Pan D, Sun H Y. 2021. The distribution pattern and biodiversity conservation of freshwater crabs in Hainan Island. Biodiversity Science, 29(5):605-616.(in Chinese)
Ji Y, Liu F, Li D, Chen Z, Chen P. 2022. Spatial-temporal patterns of sympatric Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) and brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Northeastern China. Animals, 12(10):1262.
Jin S L, Qu C M, Shi X G, Zou X Y, Liu J, Shao X N, Yao M, He T M, Li S. 2021. The species diversity and diet of some carnivores in Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province. Chinese Journal of Wildlife, 42(4):958-964.(in Chinese)
Jiang Z G, Zhang Y Y, Zheng G G, Wang Y Z. 2021. China's Red List of Biodiversity:Vertebrates. Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
Li X R, Zhao X M, Li M. 2021. Future effects of climate change and human footprint on the geographical distribution of three snubnosed monkeys in China. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 41(3):310-320.(in Chinese)
Li Z L, Duo L A, Li S, Wang T M. 2021. Competition and coexistence among terrestrial mammalian carnivores. Biodiversity Science, 29(1):81-97.(in Chinese)
Li L M, Chi H Y, Wan Y Q, Zhou J B, Zhang L B, He X Y, Huang W Z, Zhang B J, Xu Z R, Liu C C, Lai R Y, Zhu X F, Li Y Y, Li J Q, Chen J P. 2020. Camera-trapping survey on mammals and birds in the Guangdong Yunkaishan National Nature Reserve. Biodiversity Science, 28(9):1154-1159.(in Chinese)
Li Z L, Wang T M, Smith J L D, Feng R N, Feng L M, Mou P, Ge J P. 2019. Coexistence of two sympatric flagship carnivores in the human-dominated forest landscapes of Northeast Asia. Landscape Ecology, 34:291-305.
Liang J C, Ding Z F, Jiang Z G, Yang X J, Xiao R B, Singh P B, Hu Y M, Guo K J, Zhang Z X, Hu H J. 2021. Climate change, habitat connectivity, and conservation gaps:a case study of four ungulate species endemic to the Tibetan Plateau. Landscape Ecology, 36(4):1071-1087.
Liu C R, White M, Newell G. 2013. Selecting thresholds for the prediction of species occurrence with presence‐only data. Journal of Biogeography, 40(4):778-789.
Liao J F, Yang C Q, Shao Q, Sun Q, Han Y L. 2023. Construction of an ecological model of Sambucus javanica Blume in China under different climate scenarios based on maxent model. Plant Ecology, 224(3):221-237.
Mori E, Bagnato S, Serroni P, Sangiuliano A, Rotondaro F, Marchianò V, Cascini V, Poerio L, Ferretti F. 2020. Spatiotemporal mechanisms of coexistence in an European mammal community in a protected area of southern Italy. Journal of Zoology, 310(3):232-245.
Mancini P L, Valim E E M, de Barros Bauer A, Fischer L G. 2023. Intraspecific trophic variation in brown booby (Sula leucogaster) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Marine Biology, 170(1):1-18.
Meredith M, Ridout M. 2020. Overlap:estimates of coefficient of overlapping for animal activity patterns. R package ver 0. 3. 3.
Qian T L, Qin S J, Wu Z N, Xi C B, Wang J C. 2022. Impacts of human interference on the potential distribution of Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys by MaxEnt model. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 42(4):349-361.(in Chinese)
Ridout M S, Linkie M. 2009. Estimating overlap of daily activity patterns from camera trap data. Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics, 14(3):322-337.
Shi X G, Shi X Y, Hu Q, Feng X, Jin S L, Cheng Y H, Zhang J, Yao M, Li S. 2021. Spatiotemporal relationships between snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Qionglai Mountains, Sichuan Province. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 41(2):115-127.(in Chinese)
Shi X G, Hu Q, Li J Q, Tang Z, Yang J, Li W J, Shen X L, Li S. 2017. Camera-trapping surveys of the mammal and bird diversity in Wolong National Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province. Biodiversity Science, 25(10):1131-1136.(in Chinese)
Shi X Y, Shi X G, Hu Q, Guan T P, Fu Q, Zhang J, Yao M, Li S. 2019. Evaluating the potential habitat overlap and predation risk between snow leopards and free-range yaks in the Qionglai Mountains, Sichuan. Biodiversity Science, 27(9):951-959.(in Chinese)
Tian J, Zou Q, Zhang M, Hu C, Khattak R H, Su H. 2022. Spatial and temporal differentiation are not distinct but are covariant for facilitating coexistence of small and medium-sized carnivores in Southwestern China. Global Ecology and Conservation, 34:e02017.
Wang C, Wang Y Q, Li H B, Ran W, Yang Z H, Fan H, Zhang M M. 2021. Habitat selection and daily activity patterns of Herpestes urva in Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 41(4):1603-1612.(in Chinese)
Wang D, Sai Q G W, Wang Z H, Zhao H X, Lian X M. 2022. Spatiotemporal overlap among sympatric Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul), Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata) and red fox (V. vulpes) in the source region of the Yangtze River. Biodiversity Science, 30(9):123-132.(in Chinese)
Warren D L, Glor R E, Turelli M. 2010. ENMTools:a toolbox for comparative studies of environmental niche models. Ecography, 33(3):607-611.
Yao W, Wang G H, Lin J Z, Long J F, Li J Q, Zhou Q H. 2021. Comparison of activity rhythms of sympatric Chinese ferret-badger (Melogale moschata) and crab-eating mongoose (Herpestes urva). Acta Theriologica Sinica, 41(2):128-135.(in Chinese)
Zhang C Z, Ma T, Wu L J, Liu X M. 2023. Temporal niche relationship between snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and its sympatric large carnivores in Qilian Mountains, Gansu Province. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 43(1):109-115.(in Chinese)
Zhu G Y. 1990. Zoology of Zhejiang:Mammals. Hangzhou:Zhejiang Science and Technology Press.(in Chinese)
Zhao C G, Chen F, Yan Z K, Liu X Y, Liu L M, Li W W, Duan Y B. 2021. Activity rhythm and interspecific association of sympatric Lady Amherst's pheasant and Temminck's tragopan in the Yaoshan Mountains. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 40(12):4008-4014.(in Chinese)
Zhao Y Z, Wang Z C, Xu J L, Luo X, An L D. 2013. Activity rhythm and behavioral time budgets of wild Reeves's pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii) using infrared camera. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 33(19):6021-6027(in Chinese)
Zhou Y, Chen W, Kaneko Y, Newman C, Liao Z, Zhu X, Buesching C D, Xie Z, Macdonald D. 2015. Seasonal dietary shifts and food resource exploitation by the hog badger (Arctonyx collaris) in a Chinese subtropical forest. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 61(1):125-133.
Zhou Y, Newman C, Palomares F, Zhang S, Xie Z, Macdonald D W. 2014. Spatial organization and activity patterns of the masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) in central-south China. Journal of Mammalogy, 95(3):534-542.
Zhou Y, Zhang J, Slade E, Zhang L, Palomares F, Chen J, Wang X, Zhang S. 2008. Dietary shifts in relation to fruit availability among masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) in central China. Journal of Mammalogy, 89(2):435-447.
Zhang V Y, Gagorik C N, Brenner L J, Boser C L, Theimer T C, Buck C L. 2022. Interspecific asymmetries in behavioral plasticity drive seasonal patterns of temporal niche partitioning in an island carnivore community. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 62(4):998-1011.
Zheng W C, Cao Z H, Zheng Z H, Wang Y, Chen Z Q, Ding G H. 2020. Spatial and temporal distribution of amphibian diversity at Baiyunshan Mountain versus Jiulongshan Mountain in Lishui City, Zhejiang Province. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 36(6):697-705.(in Chinese)
王东,赛青高娃,王子涵,赵宏秀,连新明. 2022.长江源区同域分布兔狲、藏狐和赤狐的时空重叠度.生物多样性, 30(9):123-132.
王丞,王亚强,李海波,冉伟,杨朝辉,樊涵,张明明. 2021.梵净山保护区食蟹獴(Herpestes urva)栖息地选择与日活动节律.生态学报, 41(4):1603-1612.
史晓昀,施小刚,胡强,官天培,付强,张剑,姚蒙,李晟. 2019.四川邛崃山脉雪豹与散放牦牛潜在分布重叠与捕食风险评估.生物多样性, 27(9):951-959.
李林妙,池辉云,万雅琼,周佳滨,张礼标,何向阳,黄文忠,张伯军,徐湛荣,刘昌传,赖任燕,朱秀芳,李友余,李佳琦,陈金平. 2020.广东云开山国家级自然保护区鸟兽红外相机调查初报.生物多样性, 28(9):1154-1159.
李欣蕊,赵序茅,李明. 2021.气候变化和人为干扰对中国三种金丝猴地理分布的未来影响.兽类学报, 41(3):310-320.
李治霖,多立安,李晟,王天明. 2021.陆生食肉动物竞争与共存研究概述.生物多样性, 29(1):81-97.
张常智,马腾,乌力吉,刘晓敏. 2023.甘肃祁连山脉雪豹及其同域分布大型食肉动物时间生态位关系.兽类学报, 43(1):109-115.
陈智强,赵增辉,王远飞,韦力,丁国骅,林植华. 2021.基于红外相机技术和MaxEnt模型的黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons)活动节律分析和潜在适生区预测.生态学报, 41(9):3535-3547.
金森龙,瞿春茂,施小刚,邹晓艳,刘俊,邵昕宁,姚蒙,何廷美,李晟. 2021.卧龙国家级自然保护区食肉动物多样性及部分物种的食性分析.野生动物学报, 42(4):958-964.
郑伟成,曹志浩,郑子洪,王宇,陈智强,丁国骅. 2020.浙江丽水白云山与九龙山两栖动物多样性时空分布的比较.生态与农村环境学报, 36(6):697-705.
赵玉泽,王志臣,徐基良,罗旭,安丽丹. 2013.利用红外照相技术分析野生白冠长尾雉活动节律及时间分配.生态学报, 33(19):6021-6027.
赵晨光,陈飞,颜再奎,刘兴元,刘鲁明,李维薇,段玉宝. 2021.同域分布的白腹锦鸡和红腹角雉的活动节律及种间联结关系.生态学杂志, 40(12):4008-4014.
郝希阳,贺姹,楚克林,申志新,赵强,高伟,潘达,孙红英. 2021.海南岛淡水蟹类分布格局与多样性保护.生物多样性, 29(5):605-616.
胡强,林红强,戴强,杨志松,何流洋,张文,施小刚. 2020.卧龙保护区三种中型食肉动物的生态位差异.动物学杂志, 55(6):685-691.
施小刚,史晓昀,胡强,冯茜,金森龙,程跃红,张静,姚蒙,李晟. 2021.四川邛崃山脉雪豹与赤狐时空生态位关系.兽类学报, 41(2):115-127.
施小刚,胡强,李佳琦,唐卓,杨建,李文静,申小莉,李晟. 2017.利用红外相机调查四川卧龙国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性.生物多样性, 25(10):1131-1136.
姚维,汪国海,林建忠,龙继凤,李佳琦,周岐海. 2021.同域分布鼬獾和食蟹獴活动节律的比较.兽类学报, 41(2):128-135.
耿庆玲,陈晓青,赫晓慧,田智慧. 2022.中国不同植被类型归一化植被指数对气候变化和人类活动的响应.生态学报, 42(9):3557-3568.
钱天陆,秦淑洁,吴朝宁,席唱白,王结臣. 2022.基于MaxEnt模型的人类干扰对滇金丝猴潜在分布的影响.兽类学报, 42(4):349-361.
诸葛阳. 1990.浙江动物志:兽类.杭州:浙江科学技术出版社.
蒋志刚,张雁云,郑光羙,王跃招. 2021.中国生物多样性红色名录:脊椎动物.北京:科学出版社.
鲍伟东,李晓京,史阳. 2005.北京市三个区域食肉类动物食性的比较分析.动物学研究, 26(2):118-122.

[1]	LI Xueyang, HE Yanjin, CHEN Xier, Yiyan, HUANG Hong, DONG Zhengyi, Bianbazhaxi, ZHAO Xiang, SHI Xiangying, Lü Zhi. The distribution status, occupancy, and spatiotemporal pattern of large carnivores in Dingqing County, Xizang Autonomous Region [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(6): 681-694.
[2]	BAI Xiaojie, XIAO Wenhong, ZHANG Tingyue, LIU Bangyou, XIAO Zhishu, LIU Wei. Seasonal variation patterns of daily activity rhythm of small Indian civets (Viverricula indica) and their potential rodent prey in Guizhou Chishui Alsophila National Nature Reserve, China [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(3): 309-320.
[3]	ZHANG Lei, CHANG Jin, FENG Chaofan, WAN Dongmei. New records of Paguma larvata in Liaoning Province, China [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 43(6): 760-700.
[4]	LIN Weiming, WENG Yue, A Jia, WANG Min, WANG Qi, WANG Fang. Preliminary research on daily activity rhythm, habitat use and response to human activity of large Indian civet (Viverra zibetha) in Bayuelin Nature Reserve, Sichuan Province [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 43(4): 364-377.
[5]	Juan HU, Peigen XIE, Tingting LI, Rui GUO, Lijuan XU, Xiao SONG, Aichun XU. Temporal and spatial niche differentiation of sympatric black muntjac and Reeves’ muntjac [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2022, 42(6): 641-651.
[6]	YANG Guangmei, LI Jiaqi, ZHANG Mingming, HU Canshi, SU Haijun. Camera-trapping survey and activity pattern analysis on mammals and birds in Pogang Karst Forest Nature Reserve, Guizhou Province, China [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2022, 42(3): 325-338.
[7]	SHI Xiaogang, SHI Xiaoyun, HU Qiang, FENG Xi, JIN Senlong, CHENG Yuehong, ZHANG Jing, YAO Meng, LI Sheng. Spatiotemporal relationships between snow leopard(Panthera uncia) and red fox(Vulpes vulpes) in Qionglai Mountains, Sichuan Province [J]. ACTA Theriologica Sinica, 2021, 41(2): 115-127.
[8]	ZHAO Guojing, GONG Yinan, YANG Haitao, XIE Bing, WANG Tianming, GE Jianping, FENG Limin. Study on habitat use and activity rhythms of wild boar in eastern region of Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park#br# [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2019, 39(4): 431-441.
[9]	PAN Dan, WU Bingxian, ZHANG Bing, CUI Shan, ZHANG Zhiqiang, HU Xinhua, YANG Daode. Preliminary survey on mammal and bird resources using camera traps in Wulingyuan World Natural Heritage Site, Hunan Province, China [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2019, 39(2): 209-217.
[10]	HE Xingcheng, FU Qiang, WU Yongjie, WANG Bin, CHEN Xue, RAN Jianghong. Population structure and activity rhythm of sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2019, 39(2): 134-141.
[11]	CHANG Yongbin, YANG Qisen, WEN Zhixin, XIA Lin, LV Xue, CHENG Jilong, Andrey A. Lissovsky, HOU Jianhua, GE Deyan. Population genetic structure and demographic history of Ochotona cansus (Lagomorpha, Ochotonidae) [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2016, 36(4): 373-387.
[12]	PENG Yanyan,CHEN Min,WANG Aishan,YAO Jianzhuang,ZHANG Endi. Activity rhythms of captive white-headed langur in spring [J]. , 2010, 30(1): 21-27.
[13]	XUE Cheng,MENG Xiuxiang,XU Hongfa,XIAO Yu. Activity rhythm and behavioral time budgets of the captive forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii)in spring [J]. , 2008, 28(2): 194-200.
[14]	HAN Zongxian WEI Fuwen LI Ming ZHANG Zejun HU Jinchu. Daily Activity Rhythm of Captive Red Pandas ( Ailurus f ulgens) [J]. , 2005, 25(1): 97-101.
[15]	LUI Hao SHI Hongyan HU Jinchu. Daily Activity Rhythm and Time Budget of Sichuan Sika deer ( Cervus nippon sichuanicus) in Spring [J]. , 2004, 24(4): 282-285.