Distribution and conservation status of Lorisinae primates in the middle and lower reaches of Nanxi River in southeastern Yunnan

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150859

Abstract

Abstract: The Bengal slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis) and the pygmy loris (Xanthonycticebus intermedius) are two species of Lorisinae primates recorded in China. Their unique ecological and behavioral characteristics highlight the importance of research and conservation. However, they are continuously threatened by hunting and habitat loss, resulting in declining populations and shrinking distribution areas. The lack of population and distribution data has hindered the development and implementation of conservation plans. Southeastern Yunnan is a vital region historically known for the presence of Lorisinae primates and the potentially sympatric range of both species. From October 2022 to September 2023, we conducted a detailed assessment of this taxon’s distribution and conservation status in Hekou and Maguan counties by interview and transect surveys. We identified nine forest areas with high encounter rates of loris primates. The results showed that this region remains essential for Lorisinae distribution, especially for the pygmy loris. The local communities have a relatively low level of awareness and knowledge about this taxon, which is significantly influenced by education, age, and economic conditions. The distribution areas of loris primates are mainly located on the edges of nature reserves, and current protection approaches seem to be unreliable. It is urgent to strengthen monitoring and management, establish ecological corridors, and raise awareness among local communities through outreach and education programs.

Key words: Bengal slow loris, Pygmy loris, Habitat fragmentation, Conservation awareness

摘要： 蜂猴(Nycticebus bengalensis)与倭蜂猴(Xanthonycticebus intermedius)是国内现存的两种懒猴科灵长类，因其独特的生态及行为特点，具有重要的研究与保护价值。由于受到捕猎及栖息地丧失的持续威胁，懒猴种群持续下降，分布区日益缩减，但种群及分布调查的缺失阻碍了保护计划的制定与实施。滇东南是历史记载中懒猴分布的重要区域，并且是潜在的两个物种的同域分布范围。2022年10月至2023年9月，通过访问、网络及样线调查相结合的方式，对滇东南范围内河口和马关县辖区的懒猴种群分布及保护现状进行了详细评估，确定了9个懒猴集中分布点。结果表明，本区域仍是国内懒猴分布的重要范围，且是倭蜂猴分布最为集中的区域之一。当地民众对懒猴的认知尚处于较低水平，受教育程度、年龄及经济状况的显著影响。懒猴分布区域多位于保护区边缘，当前的保护措施缺乏针对性，需要加强监测管理，建设生态廊道并通过宣传教育提升当地民众意识。

关键词: 蜂猴, 倭蜂猴, 生境破碎化, 保护意识

CLC Number:

Q958.1

ZHAO Kairui, LIAO Linhong, XIE Lei, DU Yating, DONG Pengmei, XIE Meng, NI Qingyong. Distribution and conservation status of Lorisinae primates in the middle and lower reaches of Nanxi River in southeastern Yunnan[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 44(1): 85-93.

赵凯瑞, 廖琳鸿, 谢磊, 杜雅婷, 董鹏妹, 解萌, 倪庆永. 滇东南南溪河中下游懒猴种群分布与保护现状[J]. 兽类学报, 2024, 44(1): 85-93.

References

Al-Razi H, Maria M, Bin Muzaffar S. 2019. Mortality of primates due to roads and power lines in two forest patches in bangladesh.Zoologia, 36:1-6.
Anderson D R K, Burnha K P, Crain B R. 1985. Estimating population size and density using line transect sampling. Biometrical Journal, 27 (7):723-731.
Birot H, Campera M, Imron M A, Nekaris K A I. 2020. Artificial canopy bridges improve connectivity in fragmented landscapes:the case of javan slow lorises in an agroforest environment.American Journal of Primatology, 82 (4):e23076.
Blair M E, Cao G T H, López-Nandam E H, Veronese-Paniagua D A, Birchette M G, Kenyon M, Md-Zain B M, Munds R A, Nekaris K A, Nijman V, Roos C, Thach H M, Sterling E J, Le M D. 2023.
Molecular phylogenetic relationships and unveiling novel genetic diversity among slow and pygmy lorises, including resurrection of Xanthonycticebus intermedius. Genes, 14 (3):643.
Chen W Q, Li Q, Liu X M, Zhang G Y, Zhong Y, Zheng D H. 2009.To enhance the distribution of farmer's achievement in mountainous area of southeast Yunnan. Tropical Agricultural Science & Technology, 32 (4):40-43. (in Chinese)
Geerah D R, O'Hagan R P, Wirdateti W, Nekaris K A I. 2019. The use of ultrasonic communication to maintain social cohesion in the javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus). Folia Primatologica, 90 (5):392-403.
Gong J D, Cheng G, Xue D Y, Guo Y J, Yang J B. 2012. Status of jingpo people's traditional medicinal knowledge of animals in Longchuan, Yunnan. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural Unversity, 27 (3):308-314. (in Chinese)
Kumar A, Sarma K, Panvor J, Mazumdar K, Devi A, Krishna M, Ray P C. 2014. Threats to the bengal slow loris Nycticebus bengalensis in and around itanagar wildlife sanctuary, Arunachal Pradesh, India:impediments to conservation. Endangered Species Research, 23 (2):99-106.
Li W J, Wang H B. 1999. Wildlife trade in Yunnan Province, China, at the border with Vietnam. Traffic International, 18 (1):21-30.
Li Z X, Lin Z Y. 1983. Classification and distribution of living primates in Yunnan China. Zoological Research, 4 (2):111-120. (in Chinese)
Ma S L, Wang Y X. 1988. The recent distribution, status and conservation of primates in China. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 8 (4):250-260. (in Chinese)
Mogomotsi P K, Mogomotsi G E J, Dipogiso K, Phonchi-Tshekiso N D, Stone L S, Badimo D. 2020. An analysis of communities'attitudes toward wildlife and implications for wildlife sustainability.Tropical Conservation Science, 13 (1):1-9.
Molur S, Brandon-Jones D, Dittus W, Eudey A, Kumar A, Singh M, Feeroz M M, Chalise M, Priya P, Walker S. 2003. Status of South Asian Primates:Conservation Assessment and Management plan Report. Workshop Report, 2003. Zoo Outreach Organization/CBSG-South Asia. Coimbatore, India.
Nekaris K A I, Nijman V. 2007. Cites proposal highlights rarity of asian nocturnal primates (lorisidae:Nycticebus). Folia Primatologica, 78 (4):211-214.
Nekaris K A I, Moore R S, Rode E J, Fry B G. 2013. Mad, bad and dangerous to know:the biochemistry, ecology and evolution of slow loris venom. The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases, 19 (1):21.
Nekaris K A I, Pambudi J A A, Susanto D, Ahmad R D, Nijman V. 2014. Densities, distribution and detectability of a small nocturnal primate (javan slow loris Nycticebus javanicus) in a montane rainforest. Endangered Species Research, 24 (2):95-103.
Nekaris K A I, Poindexter S, Reinhardt K D, Sigaud M, Cabana F, Wirdateti W, Nijman V. 2017. Coexistence between javan slow lorises (Nycticebus javanicus) and humans in a dynamic agroforestry landscape in west java, indonesia. International Journal of Primatology, 38 (2):303-320.
Nekaris K A I, Burrows A M. 2020. Evolution, ecology and conservation of lorises and pottos-overview of lorises and pottos. In:Nekaris K A I, Burrows A eds. Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1-11.
Nekaris K A I, Nijman V. 2022. A new genus name for pygmy lorises, Xanthonycticebus gen. Nov. (Mammalia, primates). Zoosystematics and Evolution, 98 (1):87-92.
Ni Q Y, Wang Y, Weldon A, Xie M, Xu H L, Yao Y F, Zhang M W, Li Y, Li Y, Zeng B, Nekaris K A I. 2018. Conservation implications of primate trade in China over 18 years based on web news reports of confiscations. PeerJ, 6:e6069.
Ni Q Y, He X, Wang Y, Meng X Y. 2020. Distribution and conservation status of slow lorises in Indo-China. In:Nekaris K A I, Burrows A eds. Evolution, Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 326-338.
Nijman V, Shepherd C R, Nekaris K A. 2014. Trade in bengal slow lorises in Mong La, Myanmar, on the China border. Primate Conservation, (28):139-142.
Quan G Q, Jin J Y, Huang J S, Zhou Y F. 1987. A new record of primate species in China. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 7 (2):158. (in Chinese)
Ruf T, Streicher U, Stalder G L, Nadler T, Walzer C. 2015. Hibernation in the pygmy slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus):Multiday torpor in primates is not restricted to madagascar. Scientific Reports, 5 (1):17392.
Streicher U, Singh M, Timmins R J, Brockelman W. 2008. Nycticebus pygmaeus. In:IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www. iucnredlist. org.
Wei F W, Yang Q S, Wu Y, Jiang X L, Liu S Y. 2022. Taxonomy and Distribution of Mammals in China. Bejing:Science Press. (in Chinese)
Wu M C. 1983. On the distribution and number estimation of primates in Guangxi Province. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 3 (1):16.(in Chinese)
Yang Q, Chen J, Bai Z L, Deng X B, Liu Z Q. 2000. Trade of wild animals and plants in China-Laos border areas:status and suggestion for effective management. Biodiversity Science, 8 (3):284-296. (in Chinese)
Yang S C, Wen G S, Meng Z G, Xu S Z. 2010. Developmental strategies for the technological industry of Chinese medicinal materials cultivation (aquaculture) in Yunnan Province, China. Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Materia Medica-World Science and Technology, 12 (4):626-631. (in Chinese)
Yoder A D, Irwin J A, Payseur B A. 2001. Failure of the ild to determine data combinability for slow loris phylogeny. Molecular Systems Biology, 50 (3):408-424.
Zhang P F, Xu J C, Wang M X, Deng X Q. 2006. Spatial and temporal dynamics of rubber plantation and its impacts on tropical forest in Xishuangbanna. Remote Sensing for Land & Resources, 69(3):51-55. (in Chinese)
Zhang Y Z, Quan G Q, Zhao T G, Southwick C H. 1992. Distribution of primates (except Macaca) in China. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 12 (2):81-95.
Zhou F, Pan G P, Cao Z N, Huang C L. 1995. Primates in the Karst mountains of Guangxi. Journal of Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 11 (1):8-11. (in Chinese)
马世来, 王应祥. 1988. 中国现代灵长类的分布、现状与保护. 兽类学报, 8 (4):250-260.
全国强, 靳景玉, 黄金声, 周玉富. 1987. 我国灵长目一种的新记录. 兽类学报, 7 (2):158.
李致祥, 林正玉. 1983. 云南灵长类的分类和分布. 动物学研究, 4(2):111-120.
杨生超, 文国松, 孟珍贵, 徐绍忠. 2010. 云南省中药材种植 (养殖)科技产业发展对策. 世界科学技术-中医药现代化, 12 (4):626-631.
杨清, 陈进, 白志林, 邓晓保, 刘志秋. 2000. 中国、老挝野生动植物边境贸易现状及加强管理的建议. 生物多样性, 8 (3):284-296.
吴名川. 1983. 广西灵长类动物的种类分布及数量估计. 兽类学报, 3 (1):16.
张佩芳, 许建初, 王茂新, 邓喜庆. 2006. 西双版纳橡胶种植特点及其对热带森林景观影响的遥感研究. 国土资源遥感, 69 (3):51-55.
陈伟强, 李芹, 刘学敏, 张光勇, 钟勇, 郑定华. 2009. 提高滇东南热带农业山区农民成果分布的思路. 热带农业科技, 32 (4):40-43.
周放, 潘国平, 曹指南, 黄成亮. 1995. 广西岩溶山区的灵长类动物. 广西科学院学报, 11 (1):8-11.
段艳芳, 谢朝晖, 胡建业, 李文博, 干萍. 2012. 蜂猴、倭蜂猴的现状与保护策略. 生物学通报, 47 (7):4-7.
龚济达, 成功, 薛达元, 郭云胶, 杨京彪. 2012. 云南省陇川县景颇族药用动物传统知识现状. 云南农业大学学报, 27 (3):308-314.
魏辅文, 杨奇森, 吴毅, 蒋学龙, 刘少英. 2022. 中国兽类分类与分布. 北京:科学出版社.

[1]	NI Qingyong, JIANG Xuelong, WANG Xiaowei, LIANG Zongli, XIE Meng. Floristic characteristics in an isolated habitat of the western black crested gibbon and implications for adaptation in habitat use and diet in southern Yunnan, China [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2015, 35(2): 119-129.
[2]	XIAO Caihong,WANG Rui,WANG Zhengkun,LIU Pengfei,CHU Yongxing,QIAN Liangchao,CAI Jinhong,LIU Chunyan,MENG Lihua,NIU Jianran,JIA Ting,ZHU Wanlong. Energy metabolism of Pygmy loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus) in cage of Kunming Zoo [J]. , 2009, 29(4): 443-446.
[3]	ZHANG Wenguang,TANG Zhonghai,QI Dunwu,HU Yuanman,HU Jinchu. Habitat assessment for giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) on the northern slope of the Daxiangling Mountains [J]. , 2007, 27(2): 146-152.
[4]	JIANG Zhigang，FENG Zuojlan，WANG Zuwang，CHEN Liwei. HISTORICAL AND CURRENT DISTRIBUTIONS 0F PRZEW ALSKI'S GAZELES [J]. , 1995, 15(4): 241-245.