Genetic structure analysis of wild boar population in Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150924

Abstract

Abstract:

With the gradual improvement of the natural ecological environment in Beijing, the population of wild boar (Sus scrofa) continues to grow, causing local damage. Understanding the background of the wild boar population genetic structure helps formulate long-term control measures. In this study, we used non-invasive sampling and PCR amplification techniques to analyze the sex structure of the wild boar population in Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve, and microsatellite molecular markers to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic distances to understand the future development trend of the population. The results showed that 42 individuals were identified from 88 suspected wild boar fecal samples, of which 35 were females and 7 were males, with a sex ratio of 5∶1. The analysis showed that the genetic polymorphic information content (PIC) of the population was in the range of 0.55 - 0.81, with an average of 0.71, and the population had moderate genetic diversity. An evolutionary tree was constructed based on genetic distances between microsatellite loci, and the 42 individuals showed three main branches. The results of the clustering analysis also showed that the individuals of this population were clustered according to the three genetic clades. In general, the wild boar population in the Songshan area has a certain degree of segregation in terms of genetic structure, but it has not reached the level of obvious differentiation and still belongs to the same population. In addition, the analysis of the inbreeding coefficient showed that the Songshan wild boar population was moderately inbred in general, which would have a certain inhibitory effect on population growth. This study provides basic information for understanding the genetic structure of wild boars in the study area and is an important reference for estimating the changes in population density and predicting the development of wild boar populations in this area.

Key words: Wild boar, Noninvasive sampling, Microsatellites molecular markers, Population genetic diversity, Management of protected areas

摘要：

随着北京市自然生态环境逐渐改善，野猪 (Sus scrofa) 的种群数量不断增长，造成局部危害，对野猪种群遗传结构进行监测有助于制定种群长期防控管理措施。本研究使用非损伤采样和微卫星分子标记技术，对北京松山国家级自然保护区野猪种群的性别结构、遗传多样性和遗传距离进行分析，了解种群未来发展趋势。结果表明，88份疑似野猪粪便样品鉴定出42只个体，其中35只雌性、7只雄性，雌雄性比为5∶1。种群遗传多态信息含量 (PIC) 在0.55 ~ 0.81之间，平均为 0.71，具有适中的遗传多样性。基于微卫星位点间的遗传距离构建进化树，42只个体呈现3个分支，聚类分析结果也显示出该种群个体按照3个遗传支系进行聚类的现象。总体上，松山地区的野猪群体在遗传结构方面存在一定程度的分离，但并未到达明显分化的程度，仍属于一个种群。对近交系数的分析显示，松山野猪种群总体呈现中度近交状态，将对种群发展产生一定抑制作用。本研究为了解北京地区野猪种群的遗传结构提供了基础资料，对于分析该地区野猪的种群密度变化和预测种群发展趋势有重要参考价值。

关键词: 野猪, 非损伤性取样, 微卫星分子标记, 种群遗传多样性, 保护区管理

CLC Number:

Q958.1

Xiaocheng TANG, Jing YANG, Yanmin DONG, Hongliang ZHANG, Yanjing SHEN, Xiaomeng WANG, Weidong BAO. Genetic structure analysis of wild boar population in Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(3): 345-355.

唐小澄, 杨婧, 董艳民, 张洪亮, 沈延京, 王小萌, 鲍伟东. 北京松山国家级自然保护区野猪种群遗传结构初步分析[J]. 兽类学报, 2025, 45(3): 345-355.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1 Study area and wild boar fecal sample collection sites in Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve

Table 1 Microsatellite primers for individual identification of wild boars in Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve

引物名称 Name	序列（5′-3′） Sequence （5′-3′）	重复单元 Repeating unit/bp	目的条带大小 Destination stripe size/bp	退火温度 Annealing temperature/℃
S0090	CCAAGACTGCCTTGTAGGTGAATA	2	228 ~ 248	55
S0090	GCTATCAAGTATTGTACCATTAGG	2	228 ~ 248	55
SW857	AGAAATTAGTGCCTCAAATTGG	2	139 ~ 171	56
SW857	AAACCATTAAGTCCCTAGCAAA	2	139 ~ 171	56
S0005	TCCTTCCCTCCTGGTAACTA	2	202 ~ 244	52
S0005	GCACTTCCTGATTCTGGGTA	2	202 ~ 244	52
SW72	TGAGAGGTCAGTACAGAAGACC	2	94 ~ 122	55
SW72	GATCCTCCTCCAAATCCCAT	2	94 ~ 122	55
S0226	AACCTTCCCTTCCCAATCAC	2	86 ~ 114	56
S0226	CACAGACTGCTTTTTACTCC	2	86 ~ 114	56

Fig. 2 Species identification flectrophoretic photo of PCR amplification products for some of the wild boar fecal samples in Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve. M represents the marker D2000; P is the positive control; 1 ‑ 19 is the DNA of fecal samples; N is the negative control

Fig. 3 Gene scan of PCR amplification products for sex identification of wild boars in Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve. Dzk115 and Dzk203 are females; Dzk143 and Dzk198 are males

Fig. 4 Gene scan of PCR amplification products of wild boar microsatellite loci of S0226 and SW857 in Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve

Table 2 Genetic diversity analysis of 5 microsatellite loci in wild boar population in Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve

位点 Locus	观察等位基因数 Number of alleles (N_a )	有效等位基因数 Effective number of allele (N_e )	观测杂合度 Observed heterozygosity (H_o )	期望杂合度 Expected heterozygosity (H_e )	多态信息含量 Polymorphism information content (PIC)
S0090	9	4.81	0.86	0.80	0.76
SW857	11	5.91	0.38	0.84	0.81
S0005	9	2.44	0.60	0.60	0.55
SW72	9	3.42	0.81	0.72	0.66
S0226	13	5.31	0.83	0.82	0.79
平均值 Mean	10.2	4.38	0.70	0.76	0.71

Fig. 5 The NJ phylogenetic tree of wild boars based on microsatellite shared allele distance. Blue, yellow, and red branches distinguish the three genetic clades; with black fonts representing females and purple fonts representing males. Dzk: Dazhuangke; Tzg: Tangzigou

Fig. 6 The clustering tree of wild boars based on microsatellite shared allele distance. Blue, yellow, and red branches distinguish the three genetic clades; with black fonts representing females and purple fonts representing males. Dzk: Dazhuangke; Tzg: Tangzigou

Fig. 7 PCA analysis of wild boar populations based on microsatellite alleles. Blue, yellow, and red branches distinguish the three genetic clades

Fig. 8 Inbreeding coefficient of 42 wild boar individuals in Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve

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