Population size and distribution of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) in Ailao Mountain, Xinping, Yunnan Province

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150939

Abstract

Abstract:

Population surveys of rare and endangered species play a vital role in making suitable conservation action plans. The western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) is a small arboreal ape mainly distributed in Yunnan Province, China, with Ailao Mountain, Xinping County as an important distribution site. From March to April and November to December 2022, a comprehensive field survey of western black crested gibbons was conducted in Ailao Mountain, Xinping by monitoring their loud morning calls. The results revealed 178 groups (about 765 individuals) recognized, which indicated the largest population found and a significant population growth compared to the previous survey (124 groups) in 2010. Most groups are located in Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve and the adjacent national forests in the north, with 89 groups in Zhelong (1.04 group/km²) and 50 groups in Shuitang (0.40 group/km²), and 39 groups (0.38 group/km²) in Ailaoshan County Nature Reserve of Xinping in the south. The elevational distribution of the groups ranges from 1 900 to 2 927 m, and most of the groups are distributed from 2 200 to 2 900 m above sea level. One hundred fifty-two groups are found inside nature reserves, with a protection rate of 85.4%. The main threats to the gibbons in Ailao Mountain, Xinping include population isolation and dispersal limitation by road across the mountain and artificial pine forest belt along the outside of the national nature reserve. Therefore, ecological corridor construction across the road ‘Enshui’ and habitat restoration after cleaning the partial pine forest are suggested to promote population dispersal and exchange, and habitat expansion.

Key words: Nomascus concolor, Population survey, Loud morning calls, Ailao Mountain, Xinping

摘要：

定期开展珍稀濒危保护野生动物种群数量与分布调查对物种保护和针对性保护措施制定十分重要。西黑冠长臂猿 (Nomascus concolor) 是主要分布于中国云南的一种小型类人猿，其中哀牢山新平辖区是西黑冠长臂猿重要分布区。2022年3—4月和11—12月，采用鸣声定位法对云南哀牢山新平辖区西黑冠长臂猿展开实地调查。结果表明：哀牢山新平辖区记录到西黑冠长臂猿178群约765只，为西黑冠长臂猿种群数量最大、分布最集中的地区，其种群数量较首次 (2010年) 调查结果 (124群) 有明显增长；主要分布于北段国家级自然保护区及其周边国有林区，其中者竜片区89群，种群密度为1.04群/km²，水塘片区50群，种群密度为0.40群/km²，南段县级保护区片区种群数量相对较少 (39群)，种群密度为0.38群/km²；海拔分布范围为1 900 ~ 2 927 m，且集中分布在海拔2 200 ~ 2 900 m，呈北高南低的海拔分布趋势；自然保护区内分布有152群 (保护率85.4%)，保护区外有26群。调查发现：种群扩散限制和种群隔离是新平哀牢山西黑冠长臂猿种群保护与发展的主要威胁。因此提出自然保护区外带状人工林改造与栖息地修复、“恩水”公路生态廊道建设，以增加栖息地连通性和扩大栖息地范围，保障种群扩散、交流与分布范围扩大。

关键词: 西黑冠长臂猿, 种群调查, 鸣声定位法, 哀牢山, 新平

CLC Number:

Q958.1

Bin GUO, Jiawen LI, Zhongwen LI, Yanan LI, Zhou DAO, Yunchang MA, Fa XU, Chunhua ZHANG, Zhineng LI, Liwei ZHANG, Fachang DENG, Guanghua LIU, Xuelong JIANG. Population size and distribution of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) in Ailao Mountain, Xinping, Yunnan Province[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(3): 333-344.

郭斌, 李加文, 李忠文, 李亚楠, 刀周, 马云昌, 徐发, 张春华, 李志能, 张利伟, 邓发昌, 刘广华, 蒋学龙. 云南哀牢山新平辖区西黑冠长臂猿种群数量与分布[J]. 兽类学报, 2025, 45(3): 333-344.

Figures/Tables 6

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地点 Location	群号 Group code	成年雄性 Adult male	成年雌性 Adult female	亚成年 Subadult	青少年 Juvenile	幼年 Infant	群体大小 Group size	观察时间 Observation time	资料来源 Date source
新平十八寨 Xinping Shibazhai	GE	1	1		2		4	1990	蒋学龙等，1994
新平十八寨 Xinping Shibazhai	GF	1	1		1	1	4	1990	蒋学龙等，1994
新平茶马古道 Xinping Tea Horse Road	GA	1	1	1	1	1	5	2011	本研究This study
新平茶马古道 Xinping Tea Horse Road	GB	1	1		1		3	2012	本研究This study
双柏平河 Shuangbai Pinghe	PH1	1	2		2	1	6	2021	本研究This study
双柏平河 Shuangbai Pinghe	PH2	1	2		1	1	5	2021	本研究This study
双柏岔河 Shuangbai Chahe	CH	1	1		1		3	2021	本研究This study
平均群体大小 Mean group size							4.3 ± 1.0 （mean ± SD）

地点 Location	群号 Group code	成年雄性 Adult male	成年雌性 Adult female	亚成年 Subadult	青少年 Juvenile	幼年 Infant	群体大小 Group size	观察时间 Observation time	资料来源 Date source
新平十八寨 Xinping Shibazhai	GE	1	1		2		4	1990	蒋学龙等，1994
新平十八寨 Xinping Shibazhai	GF	1	1		1	1	4	1990	蒋学龙等，1994
新平茶马古道 Xinping Tea Horse Road	GA	1	1	1	1	1	5	2011	本研究This study
新平茶马古道 Xinping Tea Horse Road	GB	1	1		1		3	2012	本研究This study
双柏平河 Shuangbai Pinghe	PH1	1	2		2	1	6	2021	本研究This study
双柏平河 Shuangbai Pinghe	PH2	1	2		1	1	5	2021	本研究This study
双柏岔河 Shuangbai Chahe	CH	1	1		1		3	2021	本研究This study
平均群体大小 Mean group size							4.3 ± 1.0 （mean ± SD）

海拔梯度 Elevation range/m	群体数量 Gibbon groups	所占百分比 Percentage/%
> 2 900	3	1.7
（2 800，2 900］	27	15.2
（2 700，2 800］	32	18.0
（2 600，2 700］	30	16.9
（2 500，2 600］	30	16.9
（2 400，2 500］	22	12.3
（2 300，2 400］	15	8.4
（2 200，2 300］	12	6.7
（2 100，2 200］	4	2.2
（2 000，2 100］	2	1.1
（1 900，2 000］	1	0.6
合计 Total	178	100

海拔梯度 Elevation range/m	群体数量 Gibbon groups	所占百分比 Percentage/%
> 2 900	3	1.7
（2 800，2 900］	27	15.2
（2 700，2 800］	32	18.0
（2 600，2 700］	30	16.9
（2 500，2 600］	30	16.9
（2 400，2 500］	22	12.3
（2 300，2 400］	15	8.4
（2 200，2 300］	12	6.7
（2 100，2 200］	4	2.2
（2 000，2 100］	2	1.1
（1 900，2 000］	1	0.6
合计 Total	178	100

[1]	LI Genhui, QIN Zhongyi, LU Lixiong, GAO Wenjun, LUO Wenfu, LI Han, LI Yuwu, YIN Cunquan, XU Ping, YIN Guanghua, LI Fabao, NIU Xiaowei, JIANG Xuelong. Population size and distribution of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) in Ailao Mountain, Chuxiong Prefecture, Yunnan Province [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 43(5): 513-522.
[2]	Ziqian LI, Yongliang ZHU, Linguo LI, Wei LI, Jianguang YANG, Zhenhua GUAN, Xuelong JIANG. The activity budget and the influencing factor of a monogamous western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) group [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2023, 43(2): 141-148.