In polygynandrous nonhuman primates, an adult male and an oestrous female often form a temporary sexual relationship. However, few studies have focused on how consortships affect polygynandrous males’ mating behavior and reproductive success. In this study, we collected data on male-female social interactions, consort partners, and consortship durations in a group (YA1) of free-ranging Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) at Mt. Huangshan, China using all occurrences and focal animal and behavioral sampling methods. We used our observations to discuss males’ characteristics and their relationships to consortships. During the study period, male ranks within the group changed. Both before and after the male rank change, we found a positive correlation between a male’s rank and his number of consort partners (before rank change P = 0.010, after rank change P = 0.032) and the duration of his consortships (before rank change P = 0.014; after rank change P = 0.035). We found no significant correlation between a male’s age and the number of his consortship partners (P = 0.150) or the duration of his consorts (P = 0.511), but the length of his tenure in the group was positively correlated to both his number of his consort partners (P = 0.034) and the duration of his consortships (P = 0.023). Both before and after the change of male rank, a male’s social interactions positively correlated to his number of consort partners (before rank change P = 0.013; after rank change P < 0.001) and with duration of his consortships (before rank change P = 0.001; after rank change P = 0.003). Our data indicate that male rank, length of tenure in the group, and social interactions with females all influence males’ consortship formations. Our study provides new scientific evidence for understanding male reproductive strategies and consortship behaviors.

多雄多雌的灵长类社会群体中，性成熟的雄性和雌性形成临时性的配偶关系（Consortship）是极其显著特征，但这种关系对个体的交配和繁殖成功作用缺少深入研究。本研究以栖息于安徽黄山的短尾猴YA1群为研究对象，采用全事件取样法（All occurrences recording）、目标动物取样法（Focal animal sampling）以及行为取样法（Behavioral sampling method）记录个体间的社会行为、雄性的配偶数量和临时配偶关系的持续时间，对雄性短尾猴临时配偶关系的基本特征与适应策略进行了初步探讨。研究期间，雄性个体的顺位发生替换，在替换前后，处于高顺位的雄性个体始终拥有最多的配偶数量以及形成的临时配偶关系的持续时间最长，并且雄性个体的顺位与临时配偶关系呈正相关关系（顺位变化前：配偶数量：P = 0.010；持续时间：P = 0.014；顺位变化后：配偶数量：P = 0.032；持续时间：P = 0.035）；雄性个体的年龄与临时配偶关系无显著相关性（配偶关系：P = 0.150；持续时间：P = 0.511）；雄性个体在群体中生活的时间与临时配偶关系呈显著正相关（配偶数量：P = 0.034；持续时间：P = 0.023）；雄性个体的社会关系与临时配偶关系呈显著正相关（顺位变化前：配偶数量，P = 0.013；持续时间，P = 0.001；顺位变化后：配偶数量，P < 0.001；持续时间，P = 0.003）。研究结果表明：雄性个体的顺位、在群体中生活时间以及社会关系对临时配偶的形成起主要作用，这为进一步阐明雄性行为策略与临时配偶关系提供新的科学依据。