Population size and distribution of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) in Ailao Mountain, Xinping, Yunnan Province
Received date: 2024-04-17
Accepted date: 2024-09-23
Online published: 2025-06-03
Population surveys of rare and endangered species play a vital role in making suitable conservation action plans. The western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) is a small arboreal ape mainly distributed in Yunnan Province, China, with Ailao Mountain, Xinping County as an important distribution site. From March to April and November to December 2022, a comprehensive field survey of western black crested gibbons was conducted in Ailao Mountain, Xinping by monitoring their loud morning calls. The results revealed 178 groups (about 765 individuals) recognized, which indicated the largest population found and a significant population growth compared to the previous survey (124 groups) in 2010. Most groups are located in Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve and the adjacent national forests in the north, with 89 groups in Zhelong (1.04 group/km2) and 50 groups in Shuitang (0.40 group/km2), and 39 groups (0.38 group/km2) in Ailaoshan County Nature Reserve of Xinping in the south. The elevational distribution of the groups ranges from 1 900 to 2 927 m, and most of the groups are distributed from 2 200 to 2 900 m above sea level. One hundred fifty-two groups are found inside nature reserves, with a protection rate of 85.4%. The main threats to the gibbons in Ailao Mountain, Xinping include population isolation and dispersal limitation by road across the mountain and artificial pine forest belt along the outside of the national nature reserve. Therefore, ecological corridor construction across the road ‘Enshui’ and habitat restoration after cleaning the partial pine forest are suggested to promote population dispersal and exchange, and habitat expansion.
Key words： Nomascus concolor; Population survey; Loud morning calls; Ailao Mountain; Xinping
Bin GUO , Jiawen LI , Zhongwen LI , Yanan LI , Zhou DAO , Yunchang MA , Fa XU , Chunhua ZHANG , Zhineng LI , Liwei ZHANG , Fachang DENG , Guanghua LIU , Xuelong JIANG . Population size and distribution of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) in Ailao Mountain, Xinping, Yunnan Province[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025 , 45(3) : 333 -344 . DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150939
| Bartlett T Q. 2007. The hylobatidae, small apes of Asia [A]. In: Campbell C J, Fuentes A, Mackinnon K C, Panger M, Bearder S K eds. Primates in Perspective [M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 274-298. | |
| Brandon?Jones D, Eudey A A, Geissmann T, Groves C P, Melnick D J, Morales J C, Shekelle M, Stewart C B. 2004. Asian primate classification [J]. International Journal of Primatology, 25 (1): 97-164. | |
| Brockelman W Y, Ali R. 1987. Methods of surveying and sampling forest primate populations [A]. In: MarshC W, R A edsMittermeier. Primate Conservation in the Tropical Rain Forest [M]. New York: Alan R. Liss, 23-62. | |
| Brockelman W Y, Srikosamatara S. 1993. Estimation of density of gibbon groups by use of loud songs [J]. American Journal of Primatology, 29 (2): 93-108. | |
| Burgin C J, Wilson D E, Mittermeier R A, Rylands A B, Lacher T B, Sechrest W. 2020. IIIustrated Checklist of the Mammals of the World [M]. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 264-270. | |
| Cowlishaw G. 1992. Song function in gibbons [J]. Behaviour, 121 (1-2): 131-153. | |
| Fan P. 2017. The past, present, and future of gibbons in China [J]. Biological Conservation, 210: 29-39. | |
| Fan P, Nguyen M H, Phiaphalath P, Roos C, Coudrat C N Z, Rawson B M. 2020. Nomascus concolor [EB/OL]. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T39775A17968556. | |
| Fan P F, Jiang X L. 2007. Population viability analysis for black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in Dazhaizi at Mt Wuliang, Yunnan, China [J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 7 (2): 620-626. (in Chinese) | |
| Fan P F, Jiang X L. 2008. Effects of food and topography on ranging behavior of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in Wuliang Mountain, Yunnan, China [J]. American Journal of Primatology, 70 (9): 871-878. | |
| Fan P F, Xiao W, Huo S, Jiang X L. 2009. Singing behavior and singing functions of blackcrested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, central Yunnan, China [J]. American Journal of Primatology, 71 (7): 539-547. | |
| Fan P F, Jiang X L, Liu C M, Luo W S. 2010. Sonogram structure and timing of duets of western black crested gibbon in Wuliang Mountain [J]. Zoological Research, 31 (3): 293-302. (in Chinese) | |
| Fan P F. 2012. Taxonomy and conservation status of gibbons in China [J]. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 32 (3): 248-258. (in Chinese) | |
| Fan P F, Zhang L, Yang L, Huang X, Shi K C, Liu G Q, Wang C H. 2022. Population recovery of the critically endangered western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) in Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, China [J]. Zoological Research, 43 (2): 180-183. | |
| Fang Y H, Li Y P, Ren G P, Huang Z P, Cui L W, Zhang L X, Garber P A, Pan R L, Xiao W. 2020. The effective use of camera traps to document the northernmost distribution of the western black crested gibbon in China [J]. Primates, 61: 151-158. | |
| Grueter C C, Jiang X, Konrad R, Fan P, Guan Z, Geissmann T. 2009. Are Hylobates lar extirpated from China? [J]. International Journal of Primatology, 30 (4): 553-567. | |
| Haimoff E H, Yang X J, He S J, Chen N. 1987. Conservation of gibbons in Yunnan Province, China [J]. Oryx, 21 (3): 168-173. | |
| Hu N Q, Guan Z H, Huang B, Ning W H, He K, Fan P F, Jiang X L. 2018. Dispersal and female philopatry in a long‐term, stable, polygynous gibbon population: Evidence from 16 years field observation and genetics [J]. American Journal of Primatology, 80 (9). DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22922 . | |
| Huang B, Guan Z H, Ni Q Y, Orkin J D, Fan P F, Jiang X L. 2013. Observation of intra?group and extra?group copulation and reproductive characters in free ranging groups of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) [J]. Integrative Zoology, 8 (4): 427-440. | |
| Jiang X L, Luo Z H, Zhao S Y, Li R Z, Liu C M. 2006. Status and distribution pattern of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in Wuliang Mountains, Yunnan, China: Implication for conservation [J]. Primates, 47 (3): 264-271. | |
| Jiang X L, Ma S L, Wang Y X, Sheeran L K, Poirier F E, Wang Q. 1994. Group size and composition of black?crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor) [J]. Zoological Research, 15 (2): 15-22. (in Chinese) | |
| Jiang X L, Wang Y X. 1997. The singing ecology and behaviour of black?crested gibbons [J]. Acta Anthropological Sinica, 16 (4): 293-301. (in Chinese) | |
| Jiang X L, Wang Y X, Wang Q. 1999. Coexistence of monogamy and polygyny in black?crested gibbon (Hylobates concolor) [J]. Primates, 40 (4): 607-611. | |
| Kham Y, Phiapalath P, Pongthep S. 2014. The status of Laotian black crested gibbon Nomascus concolor lu in Nam Kan National Protected Area, Lao PDR [J]. Advances in Environmental Biology, 8 (14): 7-13. | |
| Lan D Y. 1989. Preliminary study on the group composition, behavior, and ecology of the black gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in southwest Yunnan [J]. Zoological Research, 10 (): 119-126. (in Chinese) | |
| Lan D Y. 1995. Distribution and conservation of black gibbons in Yunnan [A]. In: Xia W P, Zhang R Z eds. Primate Research and Conservation [M]. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 165-175. (in Chinese) | |
| Leighton D R. 1987. Gibbons: Territoriality and monogamy [A]. In: Smuts B B, Cheney D L, Seyfarth R M eds. Primate societies [M]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 135-145. | |
| Li B G, Li M, Li J H, Fan P F, Ni Q Y, Lu J Q, Zhou X M, Long Y C, Jiang Z G, Zhang P, Huang Z P, Huang C M, Jiang X L, Pan R L, Gouveia S, Dobrovolski R, Grueter C C, Oxnard C, Groves C, Estrada A, Garber P A. 2018. The primate extinction crisis in China: immediate challenges and a way forward [J]. Biodiversity and Conservation, 27 (13): 3301-3327. | |
| Li B G, Zhang H, Li M, Jiang X L, Fan P F, Zhou J, Guo S T, Qi X G, Li J H, Lu J Q, Xia D P, Cui L W, Xiang Z F, Zhou Q H, Huang Z P, Huang C M, Xiao W, Hu H J, Zhou Z X, Chen M Y, Li D Y, Fan P L, Yang Y, Pan R L. 2024. Achievements and challenges of primate conservation in China [J]. Zoological Research, 1 (1): 66-74. | |
| Li G H, Qin Z Y, Lu L X, Gao W J, Luo W F, Li H, Li Y W, Yin C Q, Xu P, Yin G H, Li F B, Niu X W, Jiang X L. 2023. Population size and distribution of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) in Ailao Mountain, Chuxiong Prefecture, Yunnan Province [J]. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 45 (5): 1-10. (in Chinese) | |
| Li G S, Yang X M, Zhang H Y, Li W. 2011. Population and distribution of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) at Ailao Mountain, Xinping, Yunnan [J]. Zoological Research, 32 (6): 675-683. (in Chinese) | |
| Liu Y H. 1993. An analysis of the climatic resource of ground temperature in the north part of the Ailao Mountains, Yunnan Province [J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 8 (2): 158-165. (in Chinese) | |
| Liu Y H, Zhang K Y, Ma Y X, Zhang Y P, Li Y R. 1996. Distribution characteristics of the air humidity resource of the Ailao Mountains (Southwest Monsoon Mountainous area) [J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 11 (4): 347-354. (in Chinese) | |
| Luo Z H. 2011. Survey on populations and distribution of western black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) from Wuliang Shan National Nature Reserve [J]. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 30 (2): 283-287. (in Chinese) | |
| Luo W S, Zhao S Y, Luo Z Q, Wang Q. 2007. Population and distribution of Nomascus concolor in Jingdong Jurisdiction of Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve [J]. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 26 (3): 600-603. (in Chinese) | |
| Ni Q Y, Ma S L. 2006. Population and distribution of the black crested gibbons in southern and southeastern Yunnan [J]. Zoological Research, 27 (1): 34-40. (in Chinese) | |
| Mittermeier R A, Rylands A B, Wilson D E. 2013. Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 3. Primates [M]. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 754-756. | |
| Ma S, Wang Y. 1986. The taxonomy and distribution of the gibbons in southern China and its adjacent region?with description of three new subspecies [J]. Zoological Research, 7: 393-410. (in Chinese) | |
| Ma S L, Wang Y X. 1988. The recent distribution, status and conservation of primates in China [J]. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 8 (4): 250-260. (in Chinese) | |
| Pang Y H, Lappan S, Bartlett T Q, Sah S A M, Rosely N F N, Ruppert N. 2022. Population densities of Hylobates agilis in forests with different disturbance histories in Ulu Muda Forest Reserve, Malaysia [J]. American Journal of Primatology, 84 (7). DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23388 . | |
| Rawson B M, Insua?Cao P, Ha N M, Thinh V N, Duc H M, Mahood S, Geissmann T, Roos C. 2011. The conservation status of gibbons in Vietnam[EB/OL]. Fauna & Flora International/Conservation Internationall, Hanoi, Vietnam | |
| Tan B. 1985. The status of primates in China [J]. Primate Conservation, 6: 63-81. | |
| Sun G Z, Ni Q Y, Huang B, Guan Z H, Li X P, Jiang X L. 2012. Population, distribution and conservation status of western black crested gibbon [J]. Forestry Construction, (1): 38-44. (in Chinese) | |
| Wang Y X, Jiang X L, Feng Q. 2000. Distribution, status and conservation of black?erested gibbon (Hylobates concolor) in China [J]. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 19 (2): 138-147. (in Chinese) | |
| Wei F W. 2022. Taxonomy and Distribution of Mammals in China [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 20-25. (in Chinese) | |
| Yang D H, Zhang J, Li C. 1987. Preliminary survey on the population and distribution of gibbon in Yunnan Province [J]. Primates, 28 (4): 547-549. | |
| Yang L, Shi K C, Ma C, Ren G P, Fan P F. 2021. Mechanisms underlying altitudinal and horizontal range contraction: the western black crested gibbon [J]. Journal of Biogeography, 48 (2): 321-331. | |
| Zhang K, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li Y. 1994. Vertical distribution characteristics of rainfall in the Ailao Mountain [J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 14 (2): 144-151, 199. (in Chinese) | |
| Zhao Q, Huang B, Guo G, Jiang X. 2016. Population status of Nomascus concolor in Bangma Mountain, Lincang, Yunnan [J]. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 35 (1): 1-8. (in Chinese) | |
| Zhou B, Fan Z X, Qi J H. 2020. Intra?annual radial growth of evergreen and deciduous tree species and their response to climatic factors in a montane moist evergreen broad?leaved forest in the Ailao Mountains, Southwest China [J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 40 (5): 1699-1708. (in Chinese) | |
| 马世来, 王应祥. 1986. 中国南部长臂猿的分类与分布: 附三个新亚种的描记 [J]. 动物学研究, 7 (4): 393-410. | |
| 马世来, 王应祥. 1988. 中国现代灵长类的分布、现状与保护 [J]. 兽类学报, 8 (4): 250-260. | |
| 王应祥, 蒋学龙, 冯庆. 2000. 黑长臂猿的分布、现状与保护 [J]. 人类学学报, 19 (2): 138-147. | |
| 刘玉洪, 张克映, 马友鑫, 张一平, 李佑荣. 1996. 哀牢山 (西南季风山地) 空气湿度资源的分布特征 [J]. 自然资源学报, 11 (4): 347-354. | |
| 刘玉洪. 1993. 哀牢山北段山地的地温气候资源分析 [J]. 自然资源学报, 8 (2): 158-165. | |
| 孙国政, 倪庆永, 黄蓓, 管振华, 李小平, 蒋学龙. 2012. 西黑冠长臂猿的种群数量、分布与现状 [J]. 林业建设, (1): 38-44. | |
| 李国松, 杨显明, 张宏雨, 李伟. 2011. 云南新平哀牢山西黑冠长臂猿分布与群体数量 [J]. 动物学研究, 32 (6): 675-683. | |
| 李根会, 覃忠义, 卢立雄, 高文俊, 罗文富, 李函, 李育武, 尹存全, 徐萍, 尹光华, 李发宝, 牛晓炜, 蒋学龙. 2023. 云南楚雄哀牢山地区西黑冠长臂猿种群数量和分布 [J]. 兽类学报, 43 (5): 513-522. | |
| 张克映, 张一平, 刘玉洪, 李佑荣. 1994. 哀牢山降水垂直分布特征 [J]. 地理科学, 14 (2): 144-151, 199. | |
| 范朋飞, 蒋学龙, 刘长铭, 罗文寿. 2010. 无量山西黑冠长臂猿二重唱的声谱结构和时间特征 [J]. 动物学研究, 31 (3): 293-302. | |
| 范朋飞, 蒋学龙. 2007. 无量山大寨子黑长臂猿 (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) 种群生存力 [J]. 生态学报, 7 (2): 620-626. | |
| 范朋飞. 2012. 中国长臂猿科动物的分类和保护现状 [J]. 兽类学报, 32 (3): 248-258. | |
| 罗文寿, 赵仕远, 罗志强, 王强. 2007. 云南哀牢山国家级自然保护区景东辖区黑长臂猿种群数量和分布 [J]. 四川动物, 26 (3): 600-603. | |
| 罗忠华. 2011. 云南无量山国家级自然保护区西部黑冠长臂猿景东亚种的群体数量与分布调查 [J]. 四川动物, 30 (2): 283-287. | |
| 周杰, 彭华, 蒋学龙, 张一平, 郑洪波, 何洪鸣, 费杰, 张建华, 郭辉军 主编. 2023. 哀牢山-无量山综合科学研究: 国家公园建设的理论和实践探索 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 5-6. | |
| 周博, 范泽鑫, 杞金华. 2020. 哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林木径向生长季节动态及其对气候因子的响应 [J]. 生态学报, 40 (5): 1699-1708. | |
| 赵启龙, 黄蓓, 郭光, 蒋学龙. 2016. 云南临沧邦马山西黑冠长臂猿种群历史及现状 [J]. 四川动物, 35 (1): 1-8. | |
| 倪庆永, 马世来. 2006. 滇南、滇东南黑冠长臂猿分布与数量 [J]. 动物学研究, 27 (1): 34-40. | |
| 蒋学龙, 马世来, 王应祥. 1994. 黑长臂猿的群体大小及组成 [J]. 动物学研究, 15 (2): 15-22. | |
| 蒋学龙, 王应祥. 1997. 黑长臂猿 (Hylobates concolor) 鸣叫行为研究 [J]. 人类学学报, 16 (4): 40-48. | |
| 蓝道英. 1989. 云南西南部地区黑长臂猿 (Hylobates concolor) 群构成、生态和行为的初步研究 [J]. 动物学研究, 10 (): 119-126. | |
| 蓝道英. 1995. 云南黑长臂猿的分布和保护 [A]. 见：夏武平, 张荣祖主编. 灵长类研究与保护 [M]. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 165-175. | |
| 魏辅文, 杨奇森, 吴毅, 蒋学龙, 刘少英. 2022. 中国兽类分类与分布 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 20-25. |
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |
青公网安备 63010402000199号
青ICP备05000010号-2
