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07 July 2008, Volume 21 Issue 4

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MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF SEROW BASED ON MITOCHONDRIAL CYTOCHROME b GENE SEQUENCE

CUI Yuxin,WANG Xiaomin,LIANG Yunmei

2001, 21(4):  251-258. 

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A 419 bp fragment of the mitochondria cytochrome b gene was amplified and sequenced from serow' s dried skin samples of seven local populations in China. The molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed including Japanese serow. Their sequence divergences were 0%--14.31%. It is suggested that serow could have a maternal ancestor about 4.7 million years ago. Serow evoluted originally from the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and then spreaded to surrounding area. Japanese serow may be the divergent consequence that Chinese serow population dispersed to the northeastern part from the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The divergence time of Luoza population was dated back 1.6 million years. After that time, a rapid radiation of serow might happened and serow dispersed to the wide range of Longzi (Tibet), Shanxi, Southern Anhui and Sichuan etc. The phylogenetic differentiation of Baiyu/Daofu Japanese and Luoza populations may approach or reach subspecie level. At least 3 ESUs were existed within the populations studied in China, and they should be managed separately so far, to maintain these distinct genetic units and their evoluting potential.

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COMPARISON OF THE ECHOLOCATION BEHAVIOUR OF TWO SPECIES OF MYOTIS BATS (MYOTIS)

FENG Jiang, LI Zhenjiang, CHEN Min, ZHAO Huihua, ZHANG Shuyi, ZHOU Jiang, XE Jiahua

2001, 21(4):  251-259. 

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The echolocation behaviors of two species of Myotis bats were compared when they flied. Results revealed that: the sonagrams of the two bats were both FM form, hut they hail obvious difference in the structure of sonagram anti frequency range. The call duration of Myotis myotis luctuosus was shorter in the two species of bats (1.6±0.3 ms), its duty-cycle was lower (4.0%), and its DF (Dominant frequency) was lower too (44.6±4.3 kHz). On the other hand, Myotis daubentoni’s call duration was, longer (4.2±1.6 ms, its duty-cycle (9.6%) and DF (83.0±4.0 kHz) were higher as well. The adaptations of echolocation to habitat and foraging strategy were also analyzed with a view to morphology and preys of these two species of Myotis.

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A COMPARISON ON LENGTH MN]) WEIGHT OF DIGESTIVE TRACT AMONG SEVEN SPECIES OF RODENTS (MURIDAE)

DU Weiguo,BAO Yixin,LTU Jike

2001, 21(4):  264-270. 

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During 1995--1999, length and weight of digestive tract were determined for seven species of rodents (Muridae) from Jinhua, Zhejiang Eastern China. We carried out this study to quantify (1) the difference on length and weight of digestive tract among the species belong to same family or genus; (2) the difference on length and weight of digestive tract between rodents inhabited the forest and ones inhabited the town and countryside. Rodents captured from field were dissected and the digestive tract of each animal was separated into stomach, small intestine, caecum, and larger intestine. At first, we measured the unstretched length of each digestive organ using a ruler (±1 mm), then opened the organs and washed away the content inside the organs with physiological saline solution, at last, the organ tissue were oven dried at 65 to constant mass and weighed (± 0.1 mg) . In family Muridae, there were significant interspecific difference on length and weight of digestive tract. The variation on digestive tract was related to the diet of the rodents. InterspecifIc variation on length of digestive tract was significant larger than that on weight of digestive tract, suggesting length of digestive tract separated the diet type of the rodents better than weight of digestive tract. Interspecific variation on length of caecum and large intestine was significant larger than that on length of small intestine, suggesting length of caecum and large intestine separated diet type better than length of small intestine. Moreover, rodents inhabited the forest, mainly feed on plants had larger stomach, caecum and large intestine than did granivorous ones inhabited the town and countryside. Small intestine lengthy however, did not differ significantly between the rodents from the two habitats mentioned above.

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MAXIMUM ENERGY ASSIMILATION RATE IN BRANDT,S VOLE (MICROTUS BRANDTI) FROM INNER MONGOLIA GRASSLAND

SONG Zhigang,WANG Dehua

2001, 21(4):  271-278. 

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The objective of this study was to determine the park energy assimilation capacity by cold induction in Brandt’s vole (Microtus brandti). Maximum assimilation energy was measured by two cold-induction procedures: group I was lowered temperatures gradually from 23℃ to –6℃; and group II was directly exposed to cold temperatures 5℃ and 0℃. The assimilation energy was increased with the decreasing in temperature, kept stable from 5℃, and reached the park (3.37 kJ/g•d) at 0℃in the group I. The maximum assimilation energy in group II was 2.39 kJ/g•d, The maximum assimilation energy in two group was 1.8-2.5 BMR (basal metabolic rate,1.35 kJ/g•d ),suggesting that the actual energy budgets of Brandt’s vole in their natural environment keep fairy near to the upper physiological limit. Our results indicate that the limitation for energy budgets in Brandt’s vole is consistent with the central limitation model.

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FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE PATTERS OF INSTANTANEOUS INTAKE RATE FOR ROOT VOLE （MICROTUS OECONOMUS）TO THE SET OF PLANT AVAILABILITY

TAO Shuanglun,LIU Jike,DU Yurong,LI Junnian, MA Jianbin

2001, 21(4):  279-286. 

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The effects of the set of alfalfa leaf availability variables,biomass density and leaf density and leaf size on the patterns of instantaneous intake rates of root voles,Microtus oeconomus were measured on the fresh alfalfa leaf patches by random-blocked design in laboratory. Leaf size had a significant effect on the voles intake rates (P<0.01),While leaf size and biomass density had no effects (P>0.05). We observed over two fold increase in intake rates in response to increased bite size (P<0.01). The regression between the observed and predicted intake rates was significant (P<0.01). These results indicated that leaf as a surrogate for bite is a main variable, so we tested the hypotheses that plant size is mammalian herbivores bite size surrogator, and that plant size as an independent variable influence on mammalian herbivores bite size.

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RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF HYPOTHALAMIC GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE CONTENTS OF ROOT VOLE （MICROTUS OECONOMUS）

XIONG Zhong,DU Jizeng

2001, 21(4):  287-291. 

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The contents of the hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) of the root vole (Microtus oeconomus) were successfully tested by using a rat GnRH and its antiserum with a sensitivity range of 2.5 pg/tube. Intra and inter assay coefficient of variation were 1.7%(n=10) and 7.8%(n=4), respectively. The extract of hypothalamus of the vole showed a good parallel dose response curve with synthetic rat GnRH. The rate of average standard recovery was 108.2±8.4%. The mean levels of hypothalamus of the vole contains a GnRH similar to rat GnRH.

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ODOR PREFERENCE OF BRANDT,S VOLE (MICROTUS BRANDTI)IN LONG AND SHORT PKOTOPERRIOD，RESPONES TO THE SCENTS OF URINE AND FECES

ZHANG Li,FANG Jiming,SUN Ruyong

2001, 21(4):  292-300. 

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Uriue and feces from different photoperiods were used as two odor stimuli to adult Bradt's vole in a 10 minute odor discrimination experiment. Both of LD and SD voles preferred the urinary and fecal scents of long-photoperiod donors. All ofactors preferred scents of opposite-sex conspecifics to these of same-sex donors. There was nosignificant difference between the urinary odor preferences of LD and SDmales,while LD male showed more sniffing frequency than SD male on unfamiliar female fecalscent. There werealso no significant differences between LD and SD female actors on sniffing urine and feces of novel donors. Male presentedmore sniffing on the urine than the feces of male and female donors. LD femalespreferredtheurinary scents to fecal scents of opposite-sexdonors,but the data didnot showsiginificant diference inthis experiment, while female actors spent significantlymore time on sniffing urinary odor than sniffing fecal odor of other females. Theresults indicated that scents of urine and feces mediated the informationof seasonal change and sex-specific characters; urine had more attractiveness than feces to both opposite or same sex actor.

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ENERGY BUDGET STRATEGIES IN SMALL MAMMALS DURING REPRODUCTION

LIU He, WANG Dehua, WANG Zuwang

2001, 21(4):  301-309. 

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The energy,budget strategies during reproduction were reviewal based on both empirical theoretical literature,including the energy classification during ,the strategies of energy allocation in the reproduction and the energy trade-off during laction. The strategies allocation include optimality of time, improving the efficiency of assimilation,exploiting the storage and compensation in the energy budgets. In addition,the trade-off of energy allocation between parent and offspring as well as between litter size were analyzed. From the dynamic point of view,we thought that there is no one strategy which is not always optional for animals,different species could adopt different strategies under different situation to increase their fitness.

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WINTERING HABITAT SELECTION BY MOOSE COLD TEMPERATE ZONE,THE GREAT KHINGAN MOUNATINS

ZHANG Minghai

2001, 21(4):  310-313. 

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PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE NUTRIENT CHARACTER OF THE STABLE FOOD BAMBOO OF CAPTIVE GIANT PANDA

2001, 21(4):  314-317. 

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IMPROVING THE SURVIAL RATE OF INFANT GIANT PANDA （AILUROPODA MEILANEUCA）

HUANG Xiangming,LI Guanghuan, LIU Xuanzhen,LI Mingxi,YANG Zhi,LAN Jingchao

2001, 21(4):  318-320. 

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