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30 July 2026, Volume 46 Issue 4

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Conservation status and recommendations of cetaceans in China

CHEN Xi, XU Zhuo, XIAO Yousheng, WANG Qingling, LUO Dingyu, LIU Yifei, WANG Nan, TANG Xikai, YANG Sihan, WU Yuping, SUN Xian, ZHANG Chaoming

2026, 46(4):  465-482.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151073

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Cetaceans are an important part of the ecosystem and play an important role in constituting biodiversity and maintaining ecosystem functions. China is rich in cetacean diversity, with 38 species distributed in Chinese waters. Although the Chinese government and scientists have carried out a series of multidisciplinary studies on the biology and conservation of cetaceans in their own waters since the 1920s, especially on the ecology and conservation of Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis), Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) and Bryde’s whales (Balaenoptera edeni). A series of important innovations have been made, but there are still many challenges. On the basis of summarizing the existing research, this paper deeply reflects on the current situation of cetacean populations in China, discusses the problems existing in the construction of dynamic baseline database, the identification of key habitats and the prediction of potential habitats, the construction of systematic protection evaluation system and the work of popular science education, and puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions, in order to promote the protection and scientific management of cetaceans in China.

ORIGINAL PAPERS

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Temporal niche differentiation of sympatric mesocarnivores in Hubei Dalaoling National Nature Reserve

ZOU Mingjiang, QIAN Qian, TIAN Yaoyao, DENG Chunhan, GAO Benwang, ZHU Kai, LIU Yiping, ZHOU Youbing, PENG Gangzhi

2026, 46(4):  483-495.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151056

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Investigating the spatiotemporal distribution of sympatric species with similar ecological niches is a central topic in community ecology. This study was conducted in Dalaoling National Nature Reserve from June 2019 to October 2024 using camera trap technology to survey wildlife. During the investigation period, a total of 763 camera trap sites were deployed, accumulating 91 247 camera trap days and yielding 68 616 independent valid wildlife detections. We then applied kernel density estimation (KDE） and the coefficient of overlap to compare the temporal niche relationships of five mesocarnivores within the region. Among all species surveyed, the Chinese ferret-badger (Melogale moschata, RAI=5. 85) had the highest relative abundance index (RAI), while the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis, RAI=1. 22) showed the lowest. Among the five carnivorous species, the hog badger (Arctonyx collaris) exhibited a multimodal daily activity pattern, while the masked palm civet (Paguma larvata), Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica), ferret-badger, and leopard cat showed bimodal activity rhythms. Moreover, the night-time relative abundance index (I_NRA) of the five species throughout the year is lower than the judgment standard for day night habits (13/24), indicating that they have strong nighttime activity characteristics. Overlap analysis revealed that the masked palm civet and Chinese ferret-badger had highly overlapping daily activity curves (Δ=0. 96) with no significant difference (P=0. 397). By contrast, every other pairwise comparison showed varying degrees of divergence in daily activity rhythms, all statistically significant (P<0. 001). In addition, the five species exhibited high seasonal overlap in their activity curves, with no significant difference in cold versus warm seasons for the leopard cat (P=0. 360) or the Siberian weasel (P=0. 201). At the monthly activity scale, significant differences in activity intensity were observed among the five species (P<0. 001). All species showed varying degrees of increased activity levels from March to May, while the masked palm civet and hog badger exhibited significantly lower winter activity compared to the other three species. The study demonstrates that these five carnivores in Dalaoling National Nature Reserve effectively mitigate direct interspecific competition through differentiation in daily activity rhythms, variations in monthly activity intensity, and seasonal dynamics, thereby facilitating sympatric coexistence. This research help elucidate the temporal niche relationships and underlying coexistence mechanisms among medium-sized sympatric carnivores in the Dalaoling region, providing a scientific foundation for future conservation and management strategies in this area.

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Habitat suitability and activity patterns of Chinese red panda in the Gongga Mountain National Nature Reserve, China

QIAN Zongliang, CHEN Xing, JIN Yuyi, JIANG Xinrui, JIANG Yong, YANG Zhisong, YANG Biao

2026, 46(4):  496-506.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151083

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Studying habitat suitability and activity rhythms of wildlife holds critical significance for species conservation and ecosystem management. From 2013 to 2024, we systematically investigated the Chinese red panda (Ailurus styani) in the Gongga Mountain National Nature Reserve using infrared camera traps, analyzing habitat suitability through MaxEnt modeling, and temporal activity patterns via kernel density estimation. Our analysis revealed that the Chinese red panda’s potential habitat spans 869. 68 km² (21. 26% of the reserve’s 4 091 km²), with the central-southern area as the core suitable zone. Habitat selection was predominantly driven by topographic factors (elevation: 27. 6%, distance to water: 26. 9%), and climatic factors (isothermality: 15. 6%, temperature seasonality: 16. 1%), with anthropogenic factors exhibiting minimal influence (distance to road: 7. 4%, distance to settlement: 0. 2%). We also found that Chinese red pandas displayed predominantly diurnal activity (β=0. 855 3), peaking around midday (10: 00-11: 00 and 13: 00-14: 00). Significant seasonal variation in activity patterns emerged (Δ₄=0. 79, P=0. 016 3), with increased nocturnality during cold seasons. We recommend prioritizing monitoring efforts in the central-southern core habitat area. This research elucidates the Chinese red panda’s potential habitat distribution and activity rhythms in the reserve, offering vital insights for its conservation.

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Impacts of land use and land cover change on habitat suitability of Pantholops hodgsonii in Xinjiang, China

ZHANG Zihan, LIN Xuanlong, JIANG Xiaoheng, WANG Rui, LI Ye, CAI Xinbin, HAO Shuai

2026, 46(4):  507-521.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151055

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Habitat suitability dynamics critically shape wildlife population persistence. While habitat impact factor studies have accumulated substantial evidence, the specific effects of land use and land cover change (LUCC) on the potential distribution of Pantholops hodgsonii remain unexplored. This study investigated habitat suitability dynamics of P. hodgsonii in Xinjiang using 247, 319, and 273 validated occurrence records from 2015, 2019, and 2023 surveys, respectively, through integrated MaxEnt modeling and land use transition matrix analysis. Key results reveal that high-suitability habitats (probability ≥ 50%) predominantly occur in high/very high elevation plains and hills (0°-8° slope), with 117-130 mm precipitation seasonality (Bio15), and LUCC types including Gobi, swamps, mudflats, low-coverage grasslands, saline-alkali soils, and scrublands. A net expansion of 15 789 km² (+6. 83%) in unsuitable habitats was observed from 2015 to 2023, paralleled by a 20. 28% contraction of suitable habitats. LUCC-driven habitat class transitions accounted for 9 479 km² (16. 54% of total habitat changes) during 2015-2019 and 7 499 km² (13. 24%) during 2019-2023, establishing LUCC as a key driver of habitat configuration shifts. By synthesizing multi-temporal field observations, this work pioneers the identification of spatiotemporal coupling mechanisms between Pantholops hodgsonii habitat suitability and LUCC variations, offering critical insights for conservation strategy optimization in alpine ecosystems.

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Comparative study on spatio-temporal activity of sympatric Prionailurus bengalensis and Nyctereutes procyonoides in Panshan Mountains of Tianjin

CHEN Wenqi, CHEN Xiaobing, ZHANG Wanting, ZHANG Xuelian, ZHOU Yifan, LI Yingchun, LU Xianwang, GUAN Hongwu, ZHAO Dapeng

2026, 46(4):  522-533.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151057

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The coexistence mechanism of sympatric species remains a complex topic and has yet to be fully elucidated. From July 2019 to December 2022, this study applied infrared camera technology to conduct comparative study on the temporal and spatial activities of Prionailurus bengalensis and Nyctereutes procyonoides in Tianjin Panshan Scenic Spot in order to explore the characteristic and potential mechanisms of niche differentiation among sympatric species. We found that the relative abundance index (RAI) of P. bengalensis was overall higher than that of N. procyonoides, and there was no significant seasonal difference on RAIs for each species. In terms of daily activity patterns, both species have two daily activity peaks based on the annual data (P. bengalensis: 03: 00-05: 00, 19: 00-20: 00; N. procyonoides: 01: 00-03:00, 20: 00-23: 00), although there were some small non-significant differences. In terms of altitudinal activity, the average altitude recorded for P. bengalensis and N. procyonoides was (420. 390 ±15. 161) m and (322. 415 ±14. 560) m, respectively, but it varied seasonally. The average altitude for P. bengalensis was significantly higher than that in N. procyonoides for each season. Sympatric leopard cats and raccoon dogs formed a degree of temporal and spatial niche differentiation. This study provides valuable scientific insights for the integrative conservation and management of related species and their natural habitats.

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Species diversity and distribution pattern along the elevational gradient of non-volant small mammals in Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve, Dabie Mountains

DIAO Haixin, HU Weiyang, JIANG Haijun, WANG Xiaohan, REN Xueyang, CHEN Zhongzheng

2026, 46(4):  534-543.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151058

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Understanding diversity patterns along elevational gradients is a key focus in biogeography. To explore the diversity and elevational patterns of small mammals in Yaoluoping National Nature Reserve, Dabie Mountains, we established seven transects at 200 m altitude intervals, covering an altitudinal range of 500 to 1 721 m, from September to October 2021. A systematic investigation of small mammals was conducted along these transects using snap-trapping and other trapping methods. During the survey, we accumulated 4 984 trap days and captured 705 small mammals, representing 2 orders, 5 families, 13 genera, and 15 species. The species richness of small mammals in the reserve exhibited a hump-shaped distribution pattern along the elevational gradient. Partial regression analysis revealed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) emerged as the primary factor influencing the distribution of small mammals in the reserve. Based on molecular and morphological data, we found that the taxon previously identified as Cricetulus in the Dabie Mountains is actually Tscherskia ningshaanensis. The findings suggest that future biodiversity conservation efforts should focus on the mid-elevation sections of the reserve.

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Taxonomic status of Suncus etruscus in China and the first record of the genus Suncus from the Xizang Autonomous Region

LIU Qing, PENG Buqing, DENG Yu, LIU Shuang, WANG Jing, GUO Keji, GUO Xianglong, Abu ul Hassan Faiz, LIU Shaoying, CHEN Shunde

2026, 46(4):  544-554.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151089

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Suncus etruscus (Savi 1822) is among the smallest known mammals. In October 2024, a specimen of the genus Suncus was collected from Delgong Village (29°08'32″N, 95°15'29″E) in Motuo County, Nyingchi City, Xizang Autonomous Region. This represents the first record of the genus Suncus in Xizang. The external morphology of the specimen is generally consistent with previous descriptions of S. etruscus. However, phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial Cyt b gene showed that this specimen clusters with the clade formed by S. malayanus and S. fellowesgordoni, with average genetic distances of 8. 5% and 8. 9%, respectively. The genetic distance between this specimen and the near-type-locality sample of S. etruscus from Italy was 10. 3%, indicating a significant genetic divergence. This finding suggests that the S. etruscus distributed in China has certain differentiation from those in other regions. Given the rarity of specimens, the taxonomic status of the species in China needs to be further studied. Additionally, in 2022, we received a S. etruscus specimen from Jammu and Kashmir. Phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial Cyt b gene revealed that it forms a monophyletic clade with the Madagascan subspecies of the Etruscan shrew (S. e. madagascariensis), with an average genetic distance of 1. 6%. We confirm that the specimen from Pakistan is S. e. madagascariensis.

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Comparison of cardiac anatomy of Eulipotyphla species based on micro-CT

MA Jiaqi, ZENG Zeling, ZHANG Mengdie, OKABE Shinya, KOYABU Daisuke, WU Yueheng, CHEN Zhongzheng, WANG Yingxu, WANG Xia, HE Kai

2026, 46(4):  555-560.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151069

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The structure of the mammalian heart is associated with heart rate. Small-bodied shrews exhibit exceptionally high heart rates, accompanied by highly specialized cardiac anatomy. However, it remains unclear whether similar traits are present in larger-sized shrew species. Additionally, while previous studies have identified convergent evolution in heart-related genes between shrews and moles, it is not yet known whether such convergence also occurs at the anatomical level. In this study, we employed micro-CT technology to perform three-dimensional reconstructions of the hearts from representative species in Eulipotyphla including shrews (Soricidae), shrew moles (Talpidae), and gymnures (Erinaceidae). Our results show that, regardless of body size, shrew species possess remarkably consistent cardiac structures, characterized by an elongated left ventricle, thickened ventricular walls, and densely packed myocardial trabeculae. The heart anatomy of moles closely resembles that of shrews, whereas gymnures display typical mammalian heart morphology. These findings reveal a generalized anatomical adaptation of the shrew heart to high heart rates and provide morphological evidence for similar adaptations in moles, offering new insights into the adaptive evolution of the mammalian cardiovascular system.

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Mining genes related to drought adaptation in Cervus elaphus yarkandensis based on transcriptome data

ABABAIKERI Buweihailiqiemu, ANWAIER Gulimire, ZHONG Linqiang, ZHAO Huabin

2026, 46(4):  561-574.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151049

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Cervus elaphus yarkandensis have adapted to extreme arid conditions in the Tarim Basin, such as severe drought, high temperatures, and intense ultraviolet radiation. To investigate their adaptation mechanisms, we conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis on the skin tissues of C. e. yarkandensis and C. e. xanthopygus using RNA-seq technology. Our analysis identified 3 562 differentially expressed genes, including 1 279 upregulated genes and 2 283 downregulated genes. Upregulated genes were significantly enriched in 174 GO categories, including regulating water loss through the skin, establishing skin barriers, water balance, and 49 KEGG pathways, such as steroid hormone biosynthesis, asthma, and arachidonic acid metabolism. Downregulated genes were significantly enriched in 453 GO categories, including regulation of developmental processes, angiogenesis development, blood pressure regulation, and 60 KEGG pathways such as platelet activation and vascular smooth muscle contraction, and ECM-receptor interaction. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed the reliability of the RNA-seq results. These differentially expressed genes related to skin protection, moisture control, and stress responses likely help the species adapt to arid conditions by maintaining body temperature and preventing water loss.

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Genetic characteristics of Neophocaena sunameri in Liaoning coastal waters based on whole genome resequencing

GAO Xianggang, WANG Zhen, LU Zhichuang, DU Jing, XING Yankuo, HAN Jiabo, TIAN Jiashen

2026, 46(4):  575-585.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151080

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In order to better understand the population structure and genetic differences of the East Asian finless porpoise (Neophocaena sunameri) distributed in Liaoning coastal waters, and to provide scientific basis for species conservation, this study collected muscle tissues from 47 individuals of the northern population of N. sunameri (NSN) from Liaoning coastal waters for whole genome resequencing, with a sequencing depth of 10×. Subsequently, the sequence data of finless porpoises from the southern population of N. sunameri (NSS) from the Yangtze River estuary, the population of N. asiaeorientalis (NA) from the Yangtze River basin, and the population of N. phocaenoides (NP) from the Fujian sea area were downloaded from the NCBI database. Genetic diversity analysis, genetic structure analysis, principal component analysis, phylogenetic tree construction, genetic differentiation index, gene flow, and genetic distance analysis were conducted using sequencing data from the four populations. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) of the population in Liaoning coastal waters were 0. 312 3 and 0. 321 0, respectively, indicating that the genetic diversity of the finless porpoise distributed in the Liaoning oastal waters is not low and represents a large and stable population. The results of phylogenetic tree analysis, principal component analysis, and genetic structure analysis were consistent, all of which can distinguish different populations. Overall, the four populations can be divided into three groups. Group I includes NP population, Group II represents NA population and Group III represents the East Asian finless porpoise population, including the MSN and NSS populations. The genetic differentiation index between NSN and NP was 0. 178 0, the genetic differentiation index between NSN and NA was 0. 047 8, the genetic differentiation index between NSN and NSS was 0. 023 1, the genetic distance was 0. 031 9, and the gene flow was 10. 554 5. In summary, East Asian finless porpoises distributed in the Liaoning coastal waters exhibit relatively high genetic diversity. They belong to the same species as NSS, with sufficient gene exchange and low genetic differentiation, and can be protected as a management unit.

METHOD AND TECHNOLOGY

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A method for wildlife behavior video detection based on multi-scale neural network：a case study of wild Panthera tigris altaica

LIU Mengyu, DAI Wenrui, LIU Shucong, MA Guangkai, JIANG Guangshun

2026, 46(4):  586-596.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151082

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Behavioral detection of wild Panthera tigris altaica is a critical component for in-depth analysis and studying the expression of their wild behaviors and the variations in behavioral rhythms. It is essential for comprehensively understanding their living habits and ecological requirements. Currently, trap cameras have become a vital tool for capturing behavioral image data of wild P. t. altaica. However, influenced by the change of shooting distance, the sizes of individual Panthera tigris altaica vary in the video images. Moreover, the behavioral patterns of P. t. altaica exhibit significant dynamic differences in the temporal dimension, characterized by high variability in time series, which affects the detection accuracy of the behavioral patterns of P. t. altaica. Aiming at the image data of wild P. t. altaica captured by trap cameras, this study proposes a multi-scale neural network-based approach for wildlife behavioral video detection. This method uses the 3D MViTv2 network to model video frame sequences of P. t. altaica in the wild, extracting spatiotemporal multi-scale behavioral features. Through the weighted bi-directional feature pyramid network (BiFPN), we achieve adaptive fusion of multi-scale spatial contextual information, while enhancing cross-scale temporal feature modeling capabilities by integrating concepts from the temporal pyramid network (TPN), thereby realizing precise detection of P. t. altaica behaviors. Additionally, the Bytetrack multi-object tracking algorithm is implemented to track tiger trajectories and facilitate statistical analysis of behavioral durations. Our research establishes a behavioral dataset containing four categories (walking, standing, lying down, and jumping) derived from 200 field-collected infrared camera videos of wild P. t. altaica. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed spatiotemporal multi-scale neural network achieves a mean average precision (mAP) of 93. 8% in behavioral pattern detection, indicating its superior performance in P. t. altaica behavioral pattern detection tasks and potential as a reliable technical framework for other wildlife behavior analysis studies.

SCIENTIFIC NOTES

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Primary report on male takeovers in wild François’ langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi) in Mayanghe National Nature Reserve, Guizhou

ZHOU Qihai, MA Chengfei, WANG Jing, FAN Penglai, WU Ankang, ZOU Qixian, YANG Zhaohui, ZHANG Pan, HUANG Chengming

2026, 46(4):  597-603.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151047

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Male takeover is a form of male reproductive competition in non-human primates. In this study, we described two cases of male takeover in François’langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi) in Mayanghe National Nature Reserve, Guizhou, China. In case 1, a new adult male successfully invaded a group, while the resident male wandered in the periphery of the home range. One male infant was killed by the immigrant male after the male takeover. The remaining two infants and one male juvenile were no longer observed, and the remaining two male juveniles stayed with the resident male. Staying with the resident male may be a strategy for male juveniles to avoid male infanticide. All the females stayed in the group with the immigrant male. In case 2, a new adult male successfully immigrated into a group, ousting the resident male after an intense chase. Male takeover resulted in group division. Females without infants and one female juvenile stayed with the immigrant male. Females with infants, subadult and juvenile males dispersed with the resident male. After the takeover event, the invaded male did not attack the female juvenile in the group. The trade-offs between the risk of infanticide, reproductive benefit, and competition risk may determine the behavioral strategies of François’langurs.

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The relationship between landing site selection and ecological factors in the habitat of spotted seal (Phoca largha) in spring of Liaohe estuary

PAN Yulong, QU Liang, SONG Xiaoli, ZHAO Sheng, HUANG Yi, SUN Peiyan, TIAN Jiguang

2026, 46(4):  604-609.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151044

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The spotted seal is a flagship species in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea of China, which is of great significance to maintaining the balance of the local ecosystem and species conservation. The habitat of spotted seals in Liaohe estuary is one of the most important places for their rest, fur exchange, and other activities in spring. Understanding the relationship between landing site selection and ecological factors is of great importance in order to provide scientific support to monitor, protect, and manage the habitat of spotted seals. Based on 46 sampling points in spring, this study used Mann-Whitney U test, t test and correlation analysis to analyze the relationship between site selection and ecological factors. The results showed that the highest number of landing spotted seals was 352 on March 21, marking the highest count since records began in the 1980s. In spring, the main ecological factors for the selection of landing sites of spotted seals in the Liaohe estuary include slope, water depth, distance from roads, distance from docks, and distance from the Liaohe estuary. We found a significant positive correlation between the slope and the number of spotted seals. These results can provide a scientific basis for future ecological restoration plans.

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The diagnostic value of plasma fibrinogen and serum iron in infectious diseases of common bottlenose dolphins

HUANG Zelin, CHEN Xiaofen, ZHANG Kun, YANG Naicai, SHEN Bo, LI Jianliang, ZHANG Peng, DONG Guixin

2026, 46(4):  610-616.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150885

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This study focuses on the core technical problems of finding the inflammatory indicators in the bacterial infection of common bottlenose dolphin in Marine veterinary clinics. By analyzing 50 cases of treatment of bacterial infectious diseases in common bottlenose dolphin and 40 cases of healthy dolphins over a 10-year period, we have successfully established a new method for diagnosing bacterial infectious diseases in common bottlenose dolphin based on in-depth comparative analysis of plasma fibrinogen (FIB) and serum iron (SI). The value of the combined determination of FIB and SI in the diagnosis of bacterial diseases was confirmed. The results showed that the FIB reference of healthy common bottlenose dolphin was (2. 05 ±0. 39) g/L and the SI reference was (33. 45 ±12. 47) μmol/L. We also found that the FIB level of different infection groups was significantly different, and the severe bacterial infection group was higher than the general bacterial infection group (t=6. 337, P<0. 05). The SI level of the infected group was significantly lower than that of the healthy group (t=17. 569, P<0. 05；t=9. 811, P<0. 05), and the severe infection group was lower than that of the general infection group (t=9. 528, P<0. 05). Pearson correlation test showed that the correlation between FIB and SI of the three groups was very low. Our study shows that FIB and SI can assist in the diagnosis of bacterial infectious diseases in common bottlenose dolphins. FIB can be used as an early marker to better determine whether bacterial infection exists, while SI is helpful but cannot be diagnosed alone. Combined detection can improve the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis and reduce the misdiagnosis rate. In bacterial infection, FIB is more sensitive and accurate, and dynamic combined detection has good diagnostic and clinical application value, providing strong technical support for cetacean protection.

INFORMATION

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First camera-trap record of the masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) in Qinghai, China, with a note on its altitudinal range extension

GU Haifeng, YANG Haiwen, MA Yuting, QI Caishun, CHEN Xiaoyuan, ZHANG Ruidong, JIANG Feng, ZHANG Tongzuo

2026, 46(4):  617-620.  DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151242

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An infrared camera-trapping survey was conducted in the Makehe Forest Area of Banma County, Qinghai Province, China, from January to June 2026 (16 870 camera-days in total). During the data analysis, the masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) was photographed from two sites at altitudes of 3 462. 0 m and 3 326. 3 m, respectively. This discovery marked the first confirmed record of the species Paguma larvata and the family Viverridae in Qinghai Province. Furthermore, the recorded altitude of 3 462. 0 m significantly extended the known upper altitudinal limit of the species, which was previously documented at 2 700 m.