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20 November 1984, Volume 4 Issue 4

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MOIRÉ CONTOUR FRINGES OF ARTICULAR FACIES AND TEETH OF GIANT PANDA

ZHANG Renxiang, LAN Chuyun

1984, 4(4):  241-245. 

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In this article, the photographs of the Moiré contour fringes of the teeth and articular facies of the rare animal Giant Panda are given. Using Moire contour fringes to express the teeth and articular facies special features of Giant Panda is done for the first time.The Moire contour fringes of the Giant Panda's teeth prove scientifically that its function is not only eating bamboo but also eating meat.We can see that some of the articulations of the Giant Panda are not single moving pairs, but are biohinges.These may form the model of mechanism as a reference for the design of bioengineering of animal's articulation.

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DAILY RHYTHMIC BEHAVIOR OF THE YELLOW WEASEL

1984, 4(4):  246-246. 

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FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF THE MELON, JAW AND BLUBBER FATS OF THE BAIJI (LIPOTES VEXILLIFER)

ZOU Yuzhen, ZHOU Kaiya, GU Shengming

1984, 4(4):  247-255. 

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Melon, jaw and blubber fats from an adult female Lipotes vexillilfer were analyzed for lipid composition and for iodine value. The melon was sectioned into 10 parts and the blubber samples were cut from the throat, navel and the dorsal median part.Wax esters and triglycerides are the major lipid class in the head fats, only triglycerides are found in the blubber fats. The main fatty acids of the melon fats are isoC_12:0(9-26%), nC12:0(13-17%) and isoC_13:0(12-22%). The fatty acid composition of the jaw fats resemble those of the melon but with higher isoC_12:0(40.36%) content. In the blubber fats, the main fatty acids are C_18:1(37.08-40.31%), C_16:1(16.73-20.51%),C_16:0(10.9-15.56%) and small quantities of nC_12:0 and isoC_13:0,but no isoC_12:0 have been found. The blubber fats also differ from the melon and jaw fats in having higher unsaturated acids levels and very low iso-acids levels.No isovalerate acids are found in the melon, jaw and blubber fats of Lipotes vexillifer. Therefore, Lipotidae is referred as nonisovalerate family, the same as Platanistidae, Iniidae, Ziphiidae and Physeteridae are.According to the view point of comparative anatomy, the melon and mandibular fat bodies respectively were produced by the fatty degeneration of the maxillolabial and mandibular muscles of the head. Consequently, the chemical compositions of the melon and mandibular fats are alike and they are different to that of the blubber fats.The dividing of four types of lipid composition in odontocete melon and jaw fats (Litchfield et al., 1975) cannot be identical with the classification of odontocetes at superfamily rank. Previously published data and our results indicate that three types of lipid composition can be identified in odontocete blubber fats,In Physeteroidea, wax esters or wax esters and triglycerides are the major lipid class present, no isovalerate acids are found. The major lipid class of blubber fats in Platanistoidea is triglycerides and dees not contain isovalerate acids. Wax esters are absent. In Delphinoidea, the major lipid class of blubber fats is triglycerides and characterized in the presence of isovalerate acids. Wax esters are absent or have very slifht airount. We infer from the analysis of the blubber lipids that the ancestor of extant odon-tocete groups protably differentiated into two lineages:isovalerate and noniso-valerate groups. The former is considered ancestral to Delphiroidea. The latter branched into wax ester lacking and wax ester contairirg grouts, i.e. Physeteroidea and PlataniEtoidea. This evolutionary reaticrship is in general agreement with that based on morphological studies.

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SENSIBILITY OF HOUSE MICE(MUS MUSCULUS)FOR THE SMELLS OF THEIR OWN BLOOD AND URINE

1984, 4(4):  256-256. 

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THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS OF THE FINLESS PORPOISE (NEOPHOCAENA ASIAEORIENTALIS)Ⅰ.Tongue,Oesophagus and Stomach

LI Yuemin, QIAN Weijuan, SHEN Haoning, CHEN Yun

1984, 4(4):  257-264. 

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The materials were taken from specimens collected from the ccasial waters of the East China Sea, Bohai Sea and the lower reaches of the Changjiang River.No sulcus terminalis and foramen caecum as well as the lingual papillae (filifrom, fungiform foliate and circumvallate papillae) are found in the tongue of the porpoise. There is a V-shaped mark with four to eleven pits at the tongue's dorsum. Taste buds are found in the epithelium of the lateral wall of the pit in one of the specimens examined.The stomach consists of forestomach, main stomach and pyloric stomach. Its subdivition is similar to that of the stomach of the harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena (L.). The irain stomach is joined to the pyloric stomach by a connecting channel possessing pyloric glands.The mucosa of the forestomach is non-glandular, consisting of stratified squamous epithelium continuing from the oesophagus. The mucosa of the main stomach contains two kind of glands, the cardiac and the furdus glands. The former is found along a narrow zone,about 1.3 mm in breadth,adjacent to the border between the oesophagus and the main stomach. The approximate ratio of the parietal cells to the chief cells of the latter was 1:2 or less. The pyloric glands are tightly packed. They are not separated by a well developed lamina propria. This character obviously differs from that of the other dolphins.

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ON THE STRUCTURE OF RODENT COMMUNITY IN BEIJING AREA

ZHANG Jie

1984, 4(4):  265-271. 

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The structure of rodent community in Beijing area was carried cut from Auguest 1982 to the end of 1983. Results obtained are as follows.1. Trap night method was used, the rodents were captured in five different ecological habitats in mountains and in plain. Acccrdirg to the data obtained the rodents in Beijing can be devided into five communities as below.A. Apodemus peninsulde+Clethrionomys rufocanus+Apcdemus agrarius community.B. Rattus niviventer + A. agrarius +Mus musculus community.C. Cricetulus triton+A. agrarius+Mus musculus community.D. A. agrarius+M. musculus +R. norvegicus community.E. Cricetulus barabensis+A. agrarius+M.musculus community 2. There is variations of the seasonal corrr.csition in different commtn-ities.3. Species diversity'indexes are different for different communities. The highest index has been found in Community A.4. The distribution of rodent biomass in different corrminities is different and the highest biomass has been shown in Community C.

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THE DISCOVERY OF TYPHLOMYS CINEREUS IN ANHUI PROVINCE

1984, 4(4):  272-272. 

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ON THE RELATIVE FATNESS OF THE GRAY HAMSTER (Cricetulus migratorius Pallas)

ZHONG Mingming, YAN Zhitang

1984, 4(4):  273-282. 

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The authors in this paper have analysed statistically with respect to the variations at all seasons and among years of the relative fatness in gray hamster during 1968-1983. It was compared with house mouse(Mus muscu-lus L.)in the same region.The relative fatness of each animal was calculated by the following formula: K=100WW/L³.where K stands for the relative fatness,W the weight in grams,L the length of head and body in cms.Sexual difference with respect to fatness was observed, the female adults were fatter than the male adults.There were seasonal variations with respect to the relative fatness.The materials from the years 1972-1983 indicated the fatness of the gray hamst-er(K) was highest in autumn(October)and lowest during the summer (June to August),but from early winter(November)till next spring(April)the fatness was stable.The variations among years of the relative fatness in male adults showed that it had an obvious difference,but no correlation to its population density.The materials in October during 1968-1983 indicated that the fatness in gray hamster had very obvious correlation with the numbers of dominant species,house mouse(Mus musculus L.)in Taxihe,Manas county,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,the correlation coefficient r=-0.8212.

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ANALYSIS OF THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF GRAY HAMSTER (CRICETULUS MIGRATORIUS)AND HOUSE MOUSE(MUS MUSCULUS) IN XINJIANG FROM 1968-1983

YAN Zhitang, ZHONG Mingming

1984, 4(4):  283-290. 

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The seasonal population fluctuations in gray hamster show that the peak density occurs in June-October, but the heighest density in house mouse is in October.Multi-yearly population dynamics of gray hamster are smaller than that of house mouse. 3 litters are born in gray hamster throughout a year, while in house mouse 9 .39 litters are born in a year.Therefore, gray hamster population cann't lead to larger damage than house mouse.

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THE ECOLOGY OF MIDDAY GERBIL(MERIONES MERIDIANUS PALLAS)

SONG Kai, LIU Rongtang

1984, 4(4):  291-300. 

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The ecology of midday gerbil was investigated in E-JI-NA county of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from June to November 1980.Midday gerbil is a dominant species in the desert of the temperate zone and also a representative in the desert habitats. Their ecological characteristics can be shown as follows.1. The holes of gerbil are not very concentrate and they are mostly built around the unmoving sand dunes or under bushes. The tunnel structure is very simple and mostly with one opening. The length of tunnel is about 1-3 m and the depth only 40-70cm.The gerbils often seal the holes in summer.2. The gerbil is a nocturnal animal. The peak of activities appears at midnight in summer and autumn. The duration between entering and exiting from holes is about two hours, the moving distance from holes averages 263m. Midday gerbil often migrates with the change of foods and pherological periods.3. The breeding period of the perbil is rather long. Few females were pregnant even early November. The average embryo number was about 5.12. But the pregnancy rate after June was rather low and not more than 33.9%.4. Midday gerbil is omnivorous, taking a wide range of food. The 8.8% of their total food components is of animals'origin.Twenty-three among commonly existing plant species were consumed making up about 68%, among which the eating parts were either seed (43.6 %) or vegetative materials (40.9%) . Plant vegetative materials decreased gradually from June to Nov. The amount of daily intake is 33.5g, of which the vegetative materials made up over 50% during the plants growing season before July and while the seeds in stomach content were increasing gradually from 5% to 18.3g in August.

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EFFECT OF POPULATION DENSITY, SEX RATIO ON POPULATION NUMBERS OF RODENTS Ⅰ.EFFECT OF POPULATION DENSITIES,SEX RATIO ON REPRODUCTION IN FEMALE MICE

YANG Hefang, WANG Shuqing

1984, 4(4):  301-309. 

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The purpose of this study is to determine experimentally the influence of population density on reproduction in female mice under different sexual ratios.168 mice at 28 days of age were selected at random and either placed in groups of 40 or 8 mice per cage to create 6 populations of high and low density.Within each group the populations differed in the proportion cf sexes, i.e.the ratios of females to males were either 1:1,3:1 or 1:3.All females were inspected between 8 and 11 AM for vaginal opening and after vaginal introitus,a daily vaginal smear was taken en each mouse to determine the age at first estrus.Each mouse was weighed daily.Treatment continued for 58 days.Half of pregnant females at 58 days of age remained to cage singly till parturition,while the others were sacrificed.Each mouse was weighed ard autopsied,and the internal organs were removed,preserved in 10% formalin and then dissected,cleaned out fat and weighed to the nearest 0.1mg on a analytical balance.After parturition,litter size was checked ard the data on growth and development of young mice were collected. Physiological and morphological comparative studies were made of high and low populations with different sexual ratios.The later will be discussed in other paper.Analysis of data for vaginal perforation,first vaginal oestrus,oestrus cycle showed existence of differences between populations of various densities and various sexual ratios. Delayed sexual maturation and decreasing reproductive rate were found in populations of high density,especially in populations with bias of the sex ratio in favor of females. Regression analysis showed that age at first oestrus was related to increasing rate of body weight. Delayed sexual maturation was accompanied by a slow increase in body weight.percentage of pregnancy is inversely proportional to the population density. The lowest percentage of pregnancy were recorded in high population with sex ratio of 3:1.The average litter size showed ro significant diffeiences related to density, but to bias of the sexual ratio in favor of males.The decreasing rate of survival of juvenile mice from population with sex ratio 1:3 was related to aggressive behavior of adult male mice in low population.It is concluded that effect of population density on reproduction in female mice changed under different sex ratios. Inhibition of reproduction in females occured in all populations of high density, especially in those populations with sex ratio of 3:1.The important role of social factors on reproduction and survival in mice were also discussed.

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TESTS ON THE EFFICIENCY OF FLUORAKIL AGAINST APODEMUS CHEVRIERI

1984, 4(4):  310-310. 

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AGE INVESTIGATION OF MOLE RAT POPULATIONS I.ON PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS METHOD OF THE POPULATION AGE DETERMINATIONOF MOLE RAT

ZHENG Shengwu, ZHOU Li

1984, 4(4):  311-319. 

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The paper be based on the 761 skull of mole rat (Myospalax bailey) ♂:355,♀:406) in 1977, random sampling was males'and females'skulls 120, respectively.Each skull has 12 indexes,i.e.(1)Greatest length of skull, (2) Nasal length, (3)Premaxilla width, (4) Interorbital width, (5) Head back width, (6)Parietal crest width, (7)Frontal length, (8)Maxillary incisors length, (9)Maxillary incisors width, (10)Zygomatic width, (11)Body weight,(12)Body length in the order the random variable y₁1,y₂,y₁₂ were used to indicate. This is a 120x12 matrix of order(Y), and it was been canonicity in the collmn.After canonicity,the random variable y₁1,y₂,y₁₂ were written x₁, x₂,x₁₂,then X=(x_ij).

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THE RODENTS OF THE HEXI CORRIDOR IN GANSU

1984, 4(4):  320-320. 

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BATS FROM SOUTH ANHUI

LIANG Renji, DONG Yongwen

1984, 4(4):  321-328. 

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This paper presents a result of our study on the Chiroptera of South Anhui, China.A total of 1293 specimens, collected from the region in 1980-1983, belong to 4 families 7 senera 20 species. Among them the more abundant bats are Rhinolophus rouxi sinicus, Pipistrellus javanicus abramus and Miniopterus schreibersii chinensis.Up to the present, 10 genera 29 species have been obtained, including records from the other authors in the region.In the Chiropteran fauna,the Oriental species are dominant,and the Palaearctic species are less. The comparison between their numbers of species is about 2.9:1 (Table 1).

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STUDIES AND APPLICATIONS OF PROTEIN POLYMORPHISM

ZHOU Yucan

1984, 4(4):  329-339. 

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In the last two decade it has witnessed the growth of a new interdisciplinary knowledge which is termed "protein polymorphism",, It is concerned with biochemistry and genetics, and have been extensively researched and applied in the branches of biology, regarding as a useful tool of biology. However, a systematic and special introduction of basic principles of this subject is not found yet. This paper deals with the fundamental know-ledge of protein polymorphism. The definition of the polymorphism, electrophoretic method and questions worthy of note,the use of allelic concept in the analysis of electrophoretic pattern, the calculation of gene and genotype frequencies, and the examples of application of protein polymorphism to population genetics, taxonomy, zootechnics and diagnostic enzymology are included in this paper. And some are bescribed in detail.

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A CHECKLIST OF THE MAMMALS OF XIZANG (TIBET)

FENG Zuojian¹, CAI Guiquan², ZHENG Changlin²

1984, 4(4):  341-358. 

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Ellerman and Morrion-Scott (1951), in their account of the mammals of the Palaearctic Region and Indian Subcontinent, listed 16 families 38 genera and 55 species from xizang (Tibet) .The Chinese Academy of Sciences organized the camprehensive expeditions to Xizang mainly during 1959 -1960, 1966-1968, and 1973-1976 and the Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Academia Sinica, also carried out surveys in the same region during 1973-1974 and 1977-1978. Altogether over 1,500 mammal specimens representing 21 families 67 genera and 127 species were identified, of which 1 species and 6 subspecies were considered as new to science, and also 3 species and 15 subspecies were reported as new records for China.In our checklist, we have added 4 more new records for China (These records are marked with an asterisk in the checklist).