兽类学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (4): 370-378.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150644
张通1,2, 王希1,2, 张启信2,3, 李进华1,2()
收稿日期:
2021-11-26
接受日期:
2022-03-29
出版日期:
2022-07-30
发布日期:
2022-07-22
通讯作者:
李进华
作者简介:
张通 (1995- ),男,硕士研究生,主要从事灵长类行为生态研究.
基金资助:
Tong ZHANG1,2, Xi WANG1,2, Qixin ZHANG2,3, Jinhua LI1,2()
Received:
2021-11-26
Accepted:
2022-03-29
Online:
2022-07-30
Published:
2022-07-22
Contact:
Jinhua LI
摘要:
友好和冲突行为决定了群居动物的社会结构及其表现形式,表现为个体间近距差异。但目前尚不清楚藏酋猴个体间亲近关系的差异性是否会影响冲突和攻击的强度。本研究于2020年9月至2021年5月对栖息于安徽黄山的藏酋猴鱼鳞坑YA1群进行跟踪观察,采用目标动物取样法采集行为数据,全事件记录法用于攻击行为数据的补充,分析个体间近距、理毛和攻击行为矩阵的关系,并采用GLMM模型探讨攻击行为的影响因素。结果显示:藏酋猴个体间近距指数越大,理毛时间越长;个体间近距指数矩阵与攻击总次数、轻度攻击和重度攻击次数矩阵均呈显著正相关;个体间亲近关系越紧密,攻击次数和强度越大,但相较雄性间和异性间,雌性间攻击次数和强度最小。这些结果表明,个体间近距持续时间会增加理毛和攻击行为的可能性,雌性个体间社会关系更稳定,但并未发现藏酋猴根据个体间亲近关系调整攻击强度。本研究为进一步了解多雌多雄的藏酋猴群体的社会关系和社会结构提供了数据支持。
中图分类号:
张通, 王希, 张启信, 李进华. 个体亲近程度对藏酋猴攻击行为的影响[J]. 兽类学报, 2022, 42(4): 370-378.
Tong ZHANG, Xi WANG, Qixin ZHANG, Jinhua LI. The effects of affiliative relationship on aggressive behavior in Tibetan macaques[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2022, 42(4): 370-378.
个体ID (雄性 Male) | 顺位 (DS值) Social rank (DS value) | 母亲 Mother | 个体ID (雌性Female) | 顺位 (DS值) Social rank (DS value) | 母亲 Mother | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YXK | 1 (27.00) | YH | YXX | 1 (81.00) | YH | |
TRG | 2 (19.88) | # | YH | 2 (67.67) | YM* | |
ZB | 3 (13.00) | # | YCY | 3 (56.67) | YM* | |
DS | 4 (4.71) | # | YXY | 4 (40.75) | YH | |
TQ | 5 (-3.33) | # | YCH | 5 (30.00) | # | |
WM | 6 (-3.67) | # | TXH | 6 (9.90) | TH | |
TQS | 7 (-10.83) | TXH | YCL | 7 (8.17) | YM* | |
JM | 8 (-19.88) | # | TH | 8 (-10.00) | TG* | |
SJT | 9 (-26.88) | # | TXX | 9 (-23.77) | TH | |
TQL | 10 (-36.00) | TXX | ||||
HH | 11 (-44.53) | H* | ||||
THY | 12 (-45.27) | TR* | ||||
HXY | 13 (-45.46) | HH | ||||
THX | 14 (-63.58) | TH | ||||
HXW | 15 (-80.57) | HH |
表1 研究期间藏酋猴 YA1 群成年个体种群组成
Table 1 Composition of adult individuals in YA1 group during study period
个体ID (雄性 Male) | 顺位 (DS值) Social rank (DS value) | 母亲 Mother | 个体ID (雌性Female) | 顺位 (DS值) Social rank (DS value) | 母亲 Mother | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YXK | 1 (27.00) | YH | YXX | 1 (81.00) | YH | |
TRG | 2 (19.88) | # | YH | 2 (67.67) | YM* | |
ZB | 3 (13.00) | # | YCY | 3 (56.67) | YM* | |
DS | 4 (4.71) | # | YXY | 4 (40.75) | YH | |
TQ | 5 (-3.33) | # | YCH | 5 (30.00) | # | |
WM | 6 (-3.67) | # | TXH | 6 (9.90) | TH | |
TQS | 7 (-10.83) | TXH | YCL | 7 (8.17) | YM* | |
JM | 8 (-19.88) | # | TH | 8 (-10.00) | TG* | |
SJT | 9 (-26.88) | # | TXX | 9 (-23.77) | TH | |
TQL | 10 (-36.00) | TXX | ||||
HH | 11 (-44.53) | H* | ||||
THY | 12 (-45.27) | TR* | ||||
HXY | 13 (-45.46) | HH | ||||
THX | 14 (-63.58) | TH | ||||
HXW | 15 (-80.57) | HH |
行为 Behavior | 定义 Definitions | ||
---|---|---|---|
友好行为 Affiliative behavior | 挨坐 Sit near bout | 动物个体紧挨坐在对方身旁超过5 s Two or more individuals are sitting or huddling in close body contact lasting more than 5 s | |
近距 Proximity | 两个或几个个体在一定的距离内保持坐或卧的姿势,本研究距离采用 2 m Two or more individuals keep a sitting or lying posture within a certain distance, the distance in this study was 2 m | ||
互相理毛 Allogrooming | 一个个体用手指或手掌来分开和捋理另一个个体的毛发,并不时地从分开的毛发或露出的皮肤上拣出某些小颗粒放入嘴中咀嚼 An individual uses his /her fingers and palms to groom the fur of another individual. The groomer may pick out small objects from the recipient’s fur and eat them | ||
攻击行为 Aggressive behavior | 轻度攻击Mild aggression | 瞪眼 Stare | 眼睑上翻,眼睁大并紧盯着行为接受者,同时抬高身体向前呈前倾冲刺状,并保持此姿势3 ~ 5 s An individual looks directly at another individual with its eyes wide open and with its shoulders raised for about 3 - 5 s |
击地 Ground slap | 动物用一只手撑地,另一只手拍地,同时紧盯着行为接受者,然后再低头看地. 有时拍地的那只手拨弄一下地上的小草或小石块,然后再抬头和拍地,如此反复多次 One male individual supports with one hand on the ground, the other flaps the ground, and stares to the other male individual, then it looks down | ||
短冲 Short lunge | 一个个体冲向另一个个体,但距离少于两个个体身体长度 An individual directs a lunge < 2 body lengths to another individual | ||
长冲 Long lunge | 一个个体冲向另一个个体大于两个个体身体长度,但没有完全追赶 An individual directs a lunge > 2 body lengths to another individual but does not go into a full chase | ||
重度攻击 Intense aggression | 追赶 Chase | 一个个体紧盯着另外一个个体并快速冲过去,后者随之快速逃跑 An individual runs rapidly after another individual | |
抓 Seize | 一个个体抓住另外一个个体的身体、面部或颈部的毛,或干脆抓住耳朵,来回晃几下,再放开手. 有时行为者在抓住对方的同时将头贴近对方,并用眼睛紧盯着对方 One individual grabs the hair of the body, face, or neck of another one, or it may simply grab its ears. Shake it back and forth a few times before letting go. Sometimes the actors hold their heads close to each other while grasping each other, and stare at each other closely | ||
咬 Bite | 一个个体抓住并狠咬另一个个体,很快将其释放或停留几秒钟. 拥抱或玩耍时的轻咬不算攻击行为 An individual grabs and bites hard, either releasing the victim quickly or hanging on for several sec. Soft bites occurred in the context of embracing or play and were not counted as aggression |
表2 藏酋猴友好和攻击行为参数定义
Table 2 Definitions of affiliative and aggressive behaviors in Tibetan macaques
行为 Behavior | 定义 Definitions | ||
---|---|---|---|
友好行为 Affiliative behavior | 挨坐 Sit near bout | 动物个体紧挨坐在对方身旁超过5 s Two or more individuals are sitting or huddling in close body contact lasting more than 5 s | |
近距 Proximity | 两个或几个个体在一定的距离内保持坐或卧的姿势,本研究距离采用 2 m Two or more individuals keep a sitting or lying posture within a certain distance, the distance in this study was 2 m | ||
互相理毛 Allogrooming | 一个个体用手指或手掌来分开和捋理另一个个体的毛发,并不时地从分开的毛发或露出的皮肤上拣出某些小颗粒放入嘴中咀嚼 An individual uses his /her fingers and palms to groom the fur of another individual. The groomer may pick out small objects from the recipient’s fur and eat them | ||
攻击行为 Aggressive behavior | 轻度攻击Mild aggression | 瞪眼 Stare | 眼睑上翻,眼睁大并紧盯着行为接受者,同时抬高身体向前呈前倾冲刺状,并保持此姿势3 ~ 5 s An individual looks directly at another individual with its eyes wide open and with its shoulders raised for about 3 - 5 s |
击地 Ground slap | 动物用一只手撑地,另一只手拍地,同时紧盯着行为接受者,然后再低头看地. 有时拍地的那只手拨弄一下地上的小草或小石块,然后再抬头和拍地,如此反复多次 One male individual supports with one hand on the ground, the other flaps the ground, and stares to the other male individual, then it looks down | ||
短冲 Short lunge | 一个个体冲向另一个个体,但距离少于两个个体身体长度 An individual directs a lunge < 2 body lengths to another individual | ||
长冲 Long lunge | 一个个体冲向另一个个体大于两个个体身体长度,但没有完全追赶 An individual directs a lunge > 2 body lengths to another individual but does not go into a full chase | ||
重度攻击 Intense aggression | 追赶 Chase | 一个个体紧盯着另外一个个体并快速冲过去,后者随之快速逃跑 An individual runs rapidly after another individual | |
抓 Seize | 一个个体抓住另外一个个体的身体、面部或颈部的毛,或干脆抓住耳朵,来回晃几下,再放开手. 有时行为者在抓住对方的同时将头贴近对方,并用眼睛紧盯着对方 One individual grabs the hair of the body, face, or neck of another one, or it may simply grab its ears. Shake it back and forth a few times before letting go. Sometimes the actors hold their heads close to each other while grasping each other, and stare at each other closely | ||
咬 Bite | 一个个体抓住并狠咬另一个个体,很快将其释放或停留几秒钟. 拥抱或玩耍时的轻咬不算攻击行为 An individual grabs and bites hard, either releasing the victim quickly or hanging on for several sec. Soft bites occurred in the context of embracing or play and were not counted as aggression |
图1 藏酋猴不同亲近关系个体间轻度及重度攻击次数百分比
Fig.1 Percentage of mild and intense aggression among individuals with strong, moderate and weak relationships of Tibetan macaques
图2 藏酋猴近距、理毛和攻击矩阵的相关性. A:近距、理毛和总攻击次数矩阵的相关性;B:近距、理毛和轻度攻击次数矩阵的相关性;C:近距、理毛和重度攻击次数矩阵的相关性
Fig. 2 Correlation diagram of the proximity, grooming and aggression matrix of Tibetan macaques. A: Correlation of proximity matrix, grooming and the total number of times aggressive interaction; B: Correlation of proximity matrix, grooming and the number of times mild aggression; C: Correlation of proximity matrix, grooming and the number of times intense aggression
预测变量 Predictors | 估计值 Estimate | 标准误差 SE | Z 值 Z values | P 值 P values |
---|---|---|---|---|
截距 Intercept | -0.184 | 0.266 | -0.692 | 0.489 |
顺位差 Rank distance | -0.009 | 0.015 | -0.608 | 0.543 |
亲缘系数 Kinship index | 0.196 | 0.853 | 0.230 | 0.818 |
雌性对 Female dyadic | -0.600 | 0.226 | -2.653 | 0.008 |
异性对 Opposite sex dyadic | -0.356 | 0.289 | -1.228 | 0.220 |
理毛指数 Groom index | -6.834 | 4.349 | -1.571 | 0.116 |
个体关系 Individual relationship | 6.341 | 1.063 | 5.967 | 0.001 |
表3 广义线性混合模型测试影响藏酋猴攻击频次因素的结果
Table 3 Results of the GLMM to test factor affect the number of times aggression of Tibetan macaques
预测变量 Predictors | 估计值 Estimate | 标准误差 SE | Z 值 Z values | P 值 P values |
---|---|---|---|---|
截距 Intercept | -0.184 | 0.266 | -0.692 | 0.489 |
顺位差 Rank distance | -0.009 | 0.015 | -0.608 | 0.543 |
亲缘系数 Kinship index | 0.196 | 0.853 | 0.230 | 0.818 |
雌性对 Female dyadic | -0.600 | 0.226 | -2.653 | 0.008 |
异性对 Opposite sex dyadic | -0.356 | 0.289 | -1.228 | 0.220 |
理毛指数 Groom index | -6.834 | 4.349 | -1.571 | 0.116 |
个体关系 Individual relationship | 6.341 | 1.063 | 5.967 | 0.001 |
预测变量 Predictors | 估计值 Estimate | 标准误差 SE | Z 值 Z values | P 值 P values |
---|---|---|---|---|
截距 Intercept | -0.891 | 0.431 | -2.066 | 0.039 |
顺位差 Rank distance | 0.048 | 0.026 | 1.892 | 0.068 |
亲缘系数 Kinship index | 0.107 | 1.721 | 0.062 | 0.951 |
雌性对 Female dyadic | -1.345 | 0.436 | -3.103 | 0.002 |
异性对Opposite sex dyadic | -1.220 | 0.410 | -2.976 | 0.003 |
理毛指数 Groom index | -4.442 | 8.421 | -0.528 | 0.598 |
个体关系 Individual relationship | 9.926 | 2.177 | 4.559 | < 0.001 |
表4 广义线性混合模型测试影响藏酋猴平均攻击强度因素的结果
Table 4 Results of the GLMM to test factor affect mean aggression degree of Tibetan macaques
预测变量 Predictors | 估计值 Estimate | 标准误差 SE | Z 值 Z values | P 值 P values |
---|---|---|---|---|
截距 Intercept | -0.891 | 0.431 | -2.066 | 0.039 |
顺位差 Rank distance | 0.048 | 0.026 | 1.892 | 0.068 |
亲缘系数 Kinship index | 0.107 | 1.721 | 0.062 | 0.951 |
雌性对 Female dyadic | -1.345 | 0.436 | -3.103 | 0.002 |
异性对Opposite sex dyadic | -1.220 | 0.410 | -2.976 | 0.003 |
理毛指数 Groom index | -4.442 | 8.421 | -0.528 | 0.598 |
个体关系 Individual relationship | 9.926 | 2.177 | 4.559 | < 0.001 |
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