食物季节性对野生藏酋猴家域利用的影响

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150647

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

食源植物的分布与食物的可获得性影响灵长类动物的家域动态。研究灵长类动物家域利用及其影响因素，对揭示野生动物的生态适应性与行为复杂性有重要意义。2020年9月—2021年8月，利用GPS技术、直接跟踪观察等方法，对黄山低海拔地区的野生藏酋猴群的家域范围进行研究。结果发现藏酋猴家域面积从春季到冬季依次递减，分别为7.16 km²、5.09 km²、3.85 km²、0.35 km²，面积与食物资源可得性呈显著正相关；猴群月平均漫游距离 (d= 1735.67 m ± 288.35 m, n = 12) 与食物可得性呈正相关，且月平均漫游距离在7月最长、1月最短。猴群偏好利用的生境类型为针阔混交林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林，春季主要偏好利用毛竹林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林，夏季和冬季为针阔混交林 (马尾松)，秋季为常绿落叶阔叶混交林。结果表明，藏酋猴会根据食物资源分布、食物可得性等因素来优化家域的时空利用以适应低海拔地区。

关键词: 藏酋猴, 家域, 食物可得性, 生态适应性

Abstract:

Distribution and availability of food sources dramatically influence home range dynamics. Studies on home range utilization are critical for revealing the ecological adaptations and behavioral complexity in wild animals. From September 2020 to August 2021, we studied one group of Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana, Tianhu group, TH) in Huangshan, Anhui province, China. We directly observed and recorded spatial positions of the study group and monitored habitat conditions, vegetation distribution and food availability. 4 307 GPS positions were obtained and the kernel density estimation of GPS sites revealed that the Tibetan macaque’s home range area decreased from spring to winter, with areas of 7.16 km², 5.09 km², 3.85 km², and 0.35 km², respectively. The average daily ranging distance (d= 1735.67 m ± 288.35 m, n = 12) of the monkeys was positively correlated with food availability, with the longest average daily ranging distance in July and the shortest one in January. Monkeys preferred to stay in the mixed coniferous and mixed evergreen deciduous broadleaf forests. The monkeys used bamboo forests more in spring, mixed coniferous and broad forests in summer and winter, and mixed evergreen deciduous broadleaf forests in autumn. Tibetan macaques use their home ranges to adapt to low altitudes based on food resource distribution, food availability, and other factors.

Key words: Tibetan macaque, Home range, Resource availability, Ecological adaptation

中图分类号:

Q958.1

李亚东, 李博文, 王希, 李鹏晖, 李进华. 食物季节性对野生藏酋猴家域利用的影响[J]. 兽类学报, 2022, 42(6): 624-633.

Yadong LI, Bowen LI, Xi WANG, Penghui LI, Jinhua LI. Effects of food resources seasonality on home range utilization of wild Tibetan macaque (Macaca thibetana)[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2022, 42(6): 624-633.

图/表 8

图1 黄山天湖自然保护区地理位置及研究区域

Fig. 1 Geographical location and study area of Tianhu Nature Reserve in Huangshan City

图2 天湖自然保护区藏酋猴群活动区域的植被类型

Fig. 2 Vegetation types of the Tibetan macaques activity area in Tianhu Nature Reserve

图3 天湖自然保护区藏酋猴群全年家域利用空间分布

Fig. 3 The home range of the Tibetan macaques in Tianhu Nature Reserve

图4 利用核密度估算法的天湖自然保护区藏酋猴不同季节家域分布. a：春季；b：夏季；c：秋季；d：冬季

Fig.4 The home range of the Tibetan macaque in different seasons in Tianhu Nature Reserve used kernel density estimation. a: spring; b: summer; c: autumn; d: winter

表1 天湖自然保护区不同季节藏酋猴利用的斑块数、面积及主要植被类型

Table 1 Patch number, area and main vegetation types utilized by Tibetan macaque in different seasons in Tianhu Nature Reserve

季节 Seasons	斑块数量 Patch number				斑块面积 Patch area（km²）				总面积 Total area（km²）
季节 Seasons	S₁	S₂	S₃	S₄	S₁	S₂	S₃	S₄	总面积 Total area（km²）
春季Spring	1	3	5	2	0.015	0.146	0.837	6.158	7.16
夏季Summer	1	1	7	4	0.013	0.053	0.316	4.705	5.09
秋季Autumn	1	1	2	5	0.023	0.113	0.331	3.385	3.85
冬季Winter	1	1	2	7	0.001	0.006	0.015	0.329	0.35

表2 天湖自然保护区不同季节藏酋猴食物资源可得性

Table 2 Availability of food resources in different seasons in Tianhu Nature Reserve of Tibetan macaque

季节 Seasons	嫩叶 Tender leaves （%）	花 Flowers （%）	果实 Fruits （%）	芽 Buds （%）	总资源可得性 Total availability of food resources （%）
春季Spring	25.532	21.316	2.932	16.185	65.965
夏季Summer	1.156	4.284	31.090	0	36.530
秋季Autumn	0.154	0.177	34.107	0.142	34.580
冬季Winter	3.788	1.120	2.078	13.549	20.535

图5 天湖自然保护区食物可得性与平均日漫游距离

Fig. 5 Food availability and average daily roaming distance of Tibetan macaques in Tianhu Nature Reserve

表3 天湖自然保护区不同季节藏酋猴对各植被覆盖类型利用频次

Table 3 Utilization frequency of various vegetation cover type by Tibetan macaques in Tianhu Nature Reserve

植被覆盖类型 Vegetation cover type	春季 Spring	夏季 Summer	秋季 Autumn	冬季 Winter	面积占比 Area ratio （%）	全年频次占比 Frequency ratio （%）
河流 River	31	1	25	19	0.74	1.35
农田 Farmland	15	2	4	8	1.81	0.57
裸岩 Bare rock	31	53	29	70	2.29	5.22
针阔混交林（杉木） Mixed coniferous broad-leaved forests	48	130	43	30	4.82	8.48
常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forests	117	219	198	66	6.75	11.18
常绿落叶阔叶混交林 Mixed evergreen and deciduous forests	320	122	305	139	13.74	21.77
毛竹林 Bamboo forests	319	15	13	73	17.21	9.14
针阔混交林（马尾松） Mixed coniferous broad-leaved forests	143	548	285	526	25.48	28.85
人工建筑 Artificial construction	144	86	7	89	27.15	13.44

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