云南高黎贡山国家级自然保护区保山片区周边社区人熊冲突现状

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150623

兽类学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (4): 387-397.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150623

云南高黎贡山国家级自然保护区保山片区周边社区人熊冲突现状

姬云瑞¹^,², 张留栓¹^,², 黄湘元³, 唐建彦⁴, 刘增帅⁴, 李家华⁴, 杨维春³, 李迪强¹^,², 刘芳¹^,²()

^1.中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所，北京 100091
^2.国家林业和草原局生物多样性保护重点实验室，北京 100091
^3.云南高黎贡山国家级自然保护区保山管护局腾冲分局，腾冲 679100
^4.云南高黎贡山国家级自然保护区保山管护局隆阳分局，保山 678000

收稿日期:2021-10-19 接受日期:2022-03-14 出版日期:2022-07-30 发布日期:2022-07-22
通讯作者: 刘芳
作者简介:姬云瑞 (1996- )，女，博士研究生，主要从事野生动物保护研究.
基金资助:
中国林业科学研究院基本科研业务费专项资金项目(CAFYBB2014QB008);亚洲动物基金会支持项目

Status of human-Asiatic black bear conflicts in surrounding communities of Baoshan area in Yunnan Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve

Yunrui JI¹^,², Liushuan ZHANG¹^,², Xiangyuan HUANG³, Jianyan TANG⁴, Zengshuai LIU⁴, Jiahua LI⁴, Weichun YANG³, Diqiang LI¹^,², Fang LIU¹^,²()

^1.Ecology and Nature Conservation Institute, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
^2.Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Conservation, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100091, China
^3.Tengchong Sub-Bureau of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve Baoshan Management Bureau, Tengchong 679100, China
^4.Longyang Sub-Bureau of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve Baoshan Management Bureau, Baoshan 678000, China

Received:2021-10-19 Accepted:2022-03-14 Online:2022-07-30 Published:2022-07-22
Contact: Fang LIU

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

亚洲黑熊 (Ursus thibetanus) 与人类之间的冲突普遍存在。在高黎贡山国家级自然保护区周边社区，人熊冲突严重威胁了当地居民的生产生活和生命安全。因此研究人熊冲突现状是了解其发生机制并提出缓解冲突措施的基础。我们于2019年通过半结构式访谈法对高黎贡山保护区保山片区周边社区的79位居民进行了人熊冲突相关的调查。结果表明亚洲黑熊在高黎贡山保护区周边社区的肇事类型按发生频率由高到低依次为破坏农作物 (119起)、捕食家畜 (43起)、损害蜂箱 (40起) 和伤人 (5起)。亚洲黑熊造成受访者经济损失最多的肇事类型是捕食家畜 (799 200元)，之后依次为损害蜂箱 (309 300元) 和破坏农作物 (298 790元)。在高黎贡山保护区周边社区亚洲黑熊肇事的高峰期是每年的7—9月。在高黎贡山东西两侧亚洲黑熊肇事特征明显不同：东坡以破坏农作物为主，而损害蜂箱在西坡最常见。居住在高黎贡山西坡的村民比在东坡的村民对亚洲黑熊持有更为消极的态度，但消极的态度没有导致他们对黑熊进行报复性捕杀。此外，在高黎贡山周边社区72.0%的受访者表示没听说过当地有偷猎黑熊的事件，98.6%的受访者表示没听说过熊产品交易事件，大部分受访者表示在未来也没有使用熊产品的意愿。本文分析了高黎贡山保护区保山片区周边社区人熊冲突的现状，探讨了人熊冲突的空间和时间格局，为在高黎贡山开展缓解人熊冲突措施提供了科学依据。

关键词: 亚洲黑熊, 损害, 时空格局, 态度, 偷猎, 半结构式访谈

Abstract:

Conflicts between Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) and humans are widespread in Asia. In the surrounding communities of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve (GLGNR), conflicts between human and Asiatic black bear have seriously threatened the livelihood and safety of residents, thus studying the patterns of human?Asiatic black bear conflicts is the basis for understanding the underlying mechanism of conflicts and proposing mitigation measures. In 2019, we conducted a semi-structured interview survey on human?Asiatic black bear conflicts in the surrounding communities of Baoshan area of GLGNR. The results showed that crop raiding (n = 199 events) was the most common damage caused by Asiatic black bears reported by interviewees based on occurrence frequency, followed by livestock depredation (n = 43), beehives damage (n = 40), and attacking human (n = 5). However, predation of livestock by Asiatic black bear caused the largest economic losses (799 200 RMB), followed by crop damages (309 300 RMB) and beehive damages (298 790 RMB). These conflicts mainly occurred from June to August. The characteristics of human-Asiatic black bear conflicts varied between the eastern and western Gaoligong Mountains. In the eastern area of GLGNR, crop-raiding was the major type of human-Asiatic black bear conflicts, while damage to beehives was the most serious conflict type in the western area. In addition, residents living in the western Gaoligong Mountains had a more negative attitudes towards Asiatic black bears than villagers in the eastern area. However, we found that neither negative attitudes nor occurrence of bear damages led to retaliatory killing of bears by local villagers. Moreover, 72.0% of the interviewees in the surrounding communities in GLGNR reported that they had never heard of the poaching of Asiatic black bears in the local area, while 98.6% of them never heard about bear products trade. Additionally, they had no willingness to use bear products in the future. We analyzed the current situation of human?Asiatic black bear conflicts in the surrounding communities of Baoshan area of GLGNR, and explored the spatial and temporal patterns of human?Asiatic black bear conflicts. Our study provides a scientific basis for future work on mitigation and management of human?Asiatic black bear conflicts in Gaoligongshan Mountains.

Key words: Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus), Damages, Spatial-temporal pattern, Attitudes, Poaching, Semi-structured interview

中图分类号:

Q958.1

姬云瑞, 张留栓, 黄湘元, 唐建彦, 刘增帅, 李家华, 杨维春, 李迪强, 刘芳. 云南高黎贡山国家级自然保护区保山片区周边社区人熊冲突现状[J]. 兽类学报, 2022, 42(4): 387-397.

Yunrui JI, Liushuan ZHANG, Xiangyuan HUANG, Jianyan TANG, Zengshuai LIU, Jiahua LI, Weichun YANG, Diqiang LI, Fang LIU. Status of human-Asiatic black bear conflicts in surrounding communities of Baoshan area in Yunnan Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2022, 42(4): 387-397.

图/表 5

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肇事类型 Damage category	损害对象 Specific damage	肇事事件数 Number of bear damage events	肇事事件比例 Proportion of bear damage events （%）	损失金额 Economic loss （RMB）
破坏农作物 Crop raiding	玉米 Corn	107	51.69	277 490
	板栗 Chestnut	5	2.42	6 600
	核桃 Walnut	4	1.93	5 600
	其他 Others	3	1.44	9 100
捕食家畜 Livestock depredation	山羊Goat	38	18.36	680 200
捕食家畜 Livestock depredation	黄牛或水牛Cow or buffalo	5	2.42	119 000
损害蜂箱 Beehives damage	蜂箱 Beehives	40	19.32	309 300
伤人 Attack on human		5	2.42

肇事类型 Damage category	损害对象 Specific damage	肇事事件数 Number of bear damage events	肇事事件比例 Proportion of bear damage events （%）	损失金额 Economic loss （RMB）
破坏农作物 Crop raiding	玉米 Corn	107	51.69	277 490
	板栗 Chestnut	5	2.42	6 600
	核桃 Walnut	4	1.93	5 600
	其他 Others	3	1.44	9 100
捕食家畜 Livestock depredation	山羊Goat	38	18.36	680 200
捕食家畜 Livestock depredation	黄牛或水牛Cow or buffalo	5	2.42	119 000
损害蜂箱 Beehives damage	蜂箱 Beehives	40	19.32	309 300
伤人 Attack on human		5	2.42

肇事类型 Damage category	高黎贡山东坡 Eastern side of Gaoligong Mountain		高黎贡山西坡 Western side of Gaoligong Mountain
肇事类型 Damage category	肇事事件数 Number of bear damage events	肇事事件比例 Proportion of bear damage events （%）	肇事事件数 Number of bear damage events	肇事事件比例 Proportion of bear damage events （%）
破坏农作物 Crop raiding	87	83.66	32	31.07
捕食家畜 Livestock depredation	15	14.42	28	27.18
损害蜂箱 Beehives damage	0	0	40	38.84
伤人 Attack on human	2	1.92	3	2.91
总合 Overall	104	100	103	100

肇事类型 Damage category	高黎贡山东坡 Eastern side of Gaoligong Mountain		高黎贡山西坡 Western side of Gaoligong Mountain
肇事类型 Damage category	肇事事件数 Number of bear damage events	肇事事件比例 Proportion of bear damage events （%）	肇事事件数 Number of bear damage events	肇事事件比例 Proportion of bear damage events （%）
破坏农作物 Crop raiding	87	83.66	32	31.07
捕食家畜 Livestock depredation	15	14.42	28	27.18
损害蜂箱 Beehives damage	0	0	40	38.84
伤人 Attack on human	2	1.92	3	2.91
总合 Overall	104	100	103	100

变量Variables	类别 Categories	平均值 ± 标准误 Mean ± SE
性别 Gender	男 Male （n = 69）	-0.43 ± 0.859
性别 Gender	女 Female （n = 6）	-0.67 ± 0.745
年龄Age	< 35 （n = 17）	-0.65 ± 0.762
	35 ~ 55 （n = 31）	-0.32 ± 0.894
	> 55 （n = 27）	-0.48 ± 0.833
民族Ethnic	汉族 Han （n = 62）	-0.47 ± 0.837
民族Ethnic	白族、德昂族、傈僳族 Bai，Palaung，Lisu （n = 13）	-0.38 ± 0.923
位置 Region	东坡 Eastern slope （n = 39）	-0.11 ± 0.936
位置 Region	西坡 Western slope （n = 36）	-0.77 ± 0.619

云南高黎贡山国家级自然保护区保山片区周边社区人熊冲突现状

Status of human-Asiatic black bear conflicts in surrounding communities of Baoshan area in Yunnan Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve

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