思茅亚洲象食源地建设成效评估

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150972

兽类学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (3): 388-398.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.150972

思茅亚洲象食源地建设成效评估

于秋鹏¹, 胡哲畅¹^,², 徐同美³, 杨雄伟⁴, 李杰⁴, 王洪娇¹, 李学友¹(), 蒋学龙¹()

^1.中国科学院昆明动物研究所遗传进化与动物模型全国重点实验室与云南省高黎贡山生物多样性重点实验室，昆明 650201
^2.中国科学院大学，北京 100049
^3.普洱市林业和草原局，普洱 665000
^4.思茅区林业和草原局，普洱 665099

收稿日期:2024-06-25 接受日期:2024-11-21 出版日期:2025-05-31 发布日期:2025-06-03
通讯作者: 李学友,蒋学龙
作者简介:于秋鹏 (1993- )，男，博士，主要从事大中型动物生态与保护研究；
胡哲畅 (1996- )，男，博士研究生，主要从事大中型动物生态与保护研究.
第一联系人： 共同第一作者
基金资助:
中国科学院A类战略性先导科技专项(XDA23080501)

Assessment of the implementation effectiveness of Asian elephant food base in Simao, Yunnan

Qiupeng YU¹, Zhechang HU¹^,², Tongmei XU³, Xiongwei YANG⁴, Jie LI⁴, Hongjiao WANG¹, Xue-you LI¹(), Xuelong JIANG¹()

^1.Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution and Animal Models & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecological Conservation of Gaoligong Mountain, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
^2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
^3.Pu’er Forestry and Grassland Bureau, Pu’er 665000, China
^4.Simao Forestry and Grassland Bureau, Pu’er 665099, China

Received:2024-06-25 Accepted:2024-11-21 Online:2025-05-31 Published:2025-06-03
Contact: Xue-you LI, Xuelong JIANG

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

引导性投食 (Diversionary feeding) 作为一种有效的野生动物管理方式，现已被广泛应用于熊 (Ursus spp.)、红鸢 (Milvus milvus)、马鹿 (Cervus elaphus)、野猪 (Sus scrofa) 等多种野生动物。人象冲突作为目前我国亚洲象 (Elephas maximus) 保护面临的首要问题，受到亚洲象保护、管理与科研人员的极大关注。为缓解人象冲突，国内曾在一些地点尝试建设食源地以吸引亚洲象，但至今尚无评估应用成效的相关研究。本研究通过在思茅区亚洲象食物园及其周围布设红外相机并结合人工监测掌握亚洲象活动情况，对亚洲象食源地周边居民的访问调查了解亚洲象活动变化，以评估食源地成效。研究结果表明：亚洲象食源地可有效吸引周围区域的亚洲象取食，秋冬季与春夏季 (食物成熟期和非成熟期) 亚洲象活动强度差异显著 (P < 0.05)，且在食源地内食物成熟的秋冬季亚洲象活动强度最高；食源地有效影响范围约为15 km，范围内78.5%的居民认可了食源地的成效，71.4%的居民认为食源地减少了亚洲象在其周围出现的频次，在一定程度上降低了安全风险。本研究将为亚洲象保护措施的探索与保护政策的制定提供参考，促进人象和谐共处。

关键词: 亚洲象, 食源地, 成效, 居民态度

Abstract:

Diversionary feeding, where artificial food is used to draw animals away from problematic sites, has been employed as a successful wildlife management method for wild animals, including bears (Ursus spp.), red kites (Milvus milvus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and wild boars (Sus scrofa). Human-elephant conflict is a significant challenge to the conservation of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in China, which has attracted considerable attention for their protection, management, and scientific research. To alleviate human-elephant conflict, China has constructed a series of food bases to attract Asian elephants in certain locations. However, there is currently no relevant assessment of the effectiveness of this intervention. To assess the implementation effectiveness of the food base of Asian elephants in Simao District, we deployed camera traps combined with manual monitoring to capture Asian elephant activities. In addition, we conducted semi-structured interviews with residents adjacent to the food base to ascertain the changes in the activities of Asian elephants. The results indicate that the food base was an effective way to attract and concentrate Asian elephants. The activity intensity of Asian elephants varied significantly across different seasons (P < 0.05) and was highest in autumn‑winter when the artificial food was available in the food base. The effective range of the food base was approximately 15 km, with 78.5% of the residents in the vicinity recognizing the effectiveness of the food source and 71.4% of the residents reporting a reduction in the frequency of Asian elephants in the area, which markedly reduced the risk of human-elephant conflict incidents. This study represents a case study for assessing the effectiveness of Asian elephant management measures, and the findings are relevant for the conservation and management of flagship species. It will also promote the harmonious coexistence of humans and Asian elephants.

Key words: Asian elephant, Food base, Effectiveness, Residents’ attitude

中图分类号:

Q958.1

于秋鹏, 胡哲畅, 徐同美, 杨雄伟, 李杰, 王洪娇, 李学友, 蒋学龙. 思茅亚洲象食源地建设成效评估[J]. 兽类学报, 2025, 45(3): 388-398.

Qiupeng YU, Zhechang HU, Tongmei XU, Xiongwei YANG, Jie LI, Hongjiao WANG, Xue-you LI, Xuelong JIANG. Assessment of the implementation effectiveness of Asian elephant food base in Simao, Yunnan[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(3): 388-398.

图/表 7

参考文献

	Arnold J M, Gerhardt P, Steyaert S M, Hochbichler E, Hackländer K. 2018. Diversionary feeding can reduce red deer habitat selection pressure on vulnerable forest stands, but is not a panacea for red deer damage [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 407: 166-173.
	Bischof R, Fujita R, Zedrosser A, Söderberg A, Swenson J E. 2008. Hunting patterns, ban on baiting, and harvest demographics of brown bears in Sweden [J]. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 72: 79-88.
	Branco P S, Merkle J A, Pringle R M, Pansu J, Potter A B, Reynolds A, Stalmans M, Long R A. 2019. Determinants of elephant foraging behaviour in a coupled human‑natural system: Is brown the new green? [J]. Journal of Animal Ecology, 88: 780-792.
	Calenge C, Maillard D, Fournier P, Fouque C. 2004. Efficiency of spreading maize in the garrigues to reduce wild boar (Sus scrofa) damage to Mediterranean vineyards [J]. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 50: 112-120.
	Chen S, Sun G, Wang Y, Huang C, Chen Y, Liu P, Deng Y, Cao D, Zhang M, Ong S. 2021. A multistakeholder exercise to identify research and conservation priorities for Asian elephants in China [J]. Global Ecology and Conservation, 27. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01561 .
	Chen Y, Ding N, Sun Y, Xiao C, Shi K, Dudgeon D. 2023. Is there scope for growth? Mapping habitat suitability for Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) across its range in China [J]. Global Ecology and Conservation, 47. DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02665 .
	Clout M N, Elliott G P, Robertson B C. 2002. Effects of supplementary feeding on the offspring sex ratio of kakapo: a dilemma for the conservation of a polygynous parrot [J]. Biological Conservation, 107: 13-18.
	Corcoran M J, Wetherbee B M, Shivji M S, Potenski M D, Chapman D D, Harvey G M. 2013. Supplemental feeding for ecotourism reverses diel activity and alters movement patterns and spatial distribution of the southern stingray, Dasyatis americana [J]. PLoS ONE, 8. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059235 .
	Cortés A, Blanco G, DeVault T L, Markandya A, Virani M Z, Brandt J, Donázar J A.2016. Supplementary feeding and endangered avian scavengers: benefits, caveats, and controversies [J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 14: 191-199.
	Deng H Q. 2016. Provision‑induced food preference of a semi‑freeranging rhesus Macaque group at Qianling Park of Guiyang,Guizhou [J]. Journal of Guizhou Normal University (Natural Sciences), 34 (2): 46-51.(in Chinese)
	Dou Y Q, Yu H H, Li Y, Luo M C.2019. Current situation and management suggestions of human wildlife conflict in nature reserves in China [J]. Chinese Journal of Wildlife, 40 (2): 491-496.(in Chinese)
	Fležar U, Costa B, Bordjan D, Jerina K, Krofel M.2019. Free food for everyone: artificial feeding of brown bears provides food for many non‑target species [J]. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 65: 1-13.
	Flinchum G B. 2006.Management of waterfowl [J]. Clinical Avian Medicine, 2: 831-848.
	Garshelis D L, Baruch‑Mordo S, Bryant A, Gunther K A, Jerina K. 2017. Is diversionary feeding an effective tool for reducing human‑bear conflicts? Case studies from North America and Europe [J]. Ursus, 28: 31-55.
	Guo X M, He Q C, Wang L X, Yang Z B, Li Z Y, Zhu Z Y, . 2012. Effects of Asian elephant food source base on the mitigation of human‑elephant conflict in Xishuangbanna of Yunnan Province, Southwest China [J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 31 (12): 3133-3137.(in Chinese)
	Guo X M, Wang L X. 2019. Thoughts on the construction of Asian elephant food source base in Xishuangbanna [J]. Forestry Construction, (6): 30-33.(in Chinese)
	He Q C. 2013. A study on progression of human‑elephant relations in the last 50 years in Xishuangbanna [D]. Ph. D thesis. Kunming: Yunnan University.(in Chinese)
	Hu Z C. 2021. Habitat utilization and community coexistence of Asian elephant in Mengyang‑Pu’er population, Yunnan [D]. Master thesis. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.(in Chinese)
	Jia Y Y. 2017. Investigation and analysis of the fitness and habitat situation of the Dafeng milu population [D]. Master thesis. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University. (in Chinese)
	Jiang Z C, Li Z L, Bao M W, Chen M Y. 2019. The statistics and analysis of foraging plants species eaten by Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in China [J]. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 39 (5): 514-530.(in Chinese)
	Kubasiewicz L M, Bunnefeld N, Tulloch A I, Quine C P, Park K J. 2016. Diversionary feeding: an effective management strategy for conservation conflict? [J]. Biodiversity And and Conservation, 25: 1-22.
	Li B G, Li H Q, Zhao D P, Zhang Y H, Qi X G. 2006. Study on dominance hierarchy of the Sichuan snub‑nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Qinling Mountains [J]. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 26 (1): 18-25.(in Chinese)
	Li F S, Yang F, 2003. Population numbers and distribution of black‑necked Cranescranes (Grus nigricollis) in the Yungui Gaoyuan Plateau [J]. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 38 (3): 43-46.(in Chinese)
	Li S Z, Liu Z. 2012. Surveys on population dynamics dynamics and feeding of wintering black‑headed headed Gullsgulls (Larus ridibundus) in Kunming Cuihu Park [J]. Chinese Journal of Wildlife, 33 (3): 146-148.(in Chinese)
	Li Z Y. 2012. Effects of Asian elephant food source bases on alleviating human‑elephant conflict [J]. Forest Inventory and Planning, 37 (5): 81-84.(in Chinese)
	López‑Bao J V, Rodríguez A, Palomares F. 2008. Behavioural response of a trophic specialist, the Iberian lynx, to supplementary food: patterns of food use and implications for conservation [J]. Biological Conservation, 141: 1857-1867.
	Lu B Z. 1989. Artificial feeding of crested ibis [J]. Chinese Wildlife, 5: 23-24.(in Chinese)
	Marshall K, White R, Fischer A. 2007. Conflicts between humans over wildlife management: on the diversity of stakeholder attitudes and implications for conflict management [J]. Biodiversity and Conservation, 16: 3129-3146.
	Mason J R, Bodenchuk M J. 2002. Depredation management outside the box: logical adaptations of successful practices with other species and situations [C]. Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, 20.
	Mason L R, Green R E, Hirons G J, Skinner A M, Peault S C, Upcott E V, Wells E, Wilding D J, Smart J. 2021. Experimental diversionary feeding of red kites Milvus milvus reduces chick predation and enhances breeding productivity of northern lapwings Vanellus [J]. Journal for Nature Conservation, 64.10.1016/j.jnc.2021.126051.
	Milner J M, Van Beest F M, Schmidt K T, Brook R K, Storaas T. 2014. To feed or not to feed? Evidence of the intended and unintended effects of feeding wild ungulates [J]. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 78: 1322-1334.
	Murray M H, Becker D J, Hall R J, Hernandez S M. 2016. Wildlife health and supplemental feeding: a review and management recommendations [J]. Biological Conservation, 204: 163-174.
	Niedballa J, Sollmann R, Courtiol A, Wilting A. 2016. camtrapR: an R package for efficient camera trap data management [CP]. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7: 1457-1462.
	Orams M B. 2002. Feeding wildlife as a tourism attraction: a review of issues and impacts [J]. Tourism Management, 23: 281-293.
	QGIS.org. 2024. QGIS Geographic Information System [CP]. QGIS Association.
	Rea R V. 2003. Modifying roadside vegetation management practices to reduce vehicular collisions with moose Alces alces [J]. Wildlife Biology, 9: 81-91.
	Ridout M S, Linkie M. 2009. Estimating overlap of daily activity patterns from camera trap data [J]. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, 14: 322-337.
	Sahlsten J, Bunnefeld N, Månsson J, Ericsson G, Bergström R, Dettki H. 2010. Can supplementary feeding be used to redistribute moose Alces alces? [J]. Wildlife Biology, 16: 85-92.
	Steyaert S M, Kindberg J, Jerina K, Krofel M, Stergar M, Swenson J E, Zedrosser A. 2014. Behavioral correlates of supplementary feeding of wildlife: can general conclusions be drawn? [J]. Basic and Applied Ecology, 15: 669-676.
	Sun G Z, Zhang G Y, Yang Z C, Wang M J. 2019. Research progress and direction of human elephant conflict mitigation projects [J]. Forestry Construction, 6: 5.(in Chinese)
	The Mammal Group of First Research Laboratory of Yunnan Zoological Research Institute. 1976. Distribution and natural conservation of wild elephants in Yunnan [J]. Chinese Journal of Zoology, 2: 38-39.(in Chinese)
	van Beest F M, Gundersen H, Mathisen K M, Milner J M, Skarpe C. 2010. Long‑term browsing impact around diversionary feeding stations for moose in Southern Norway [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 259: 1900-1911.
	Williams C, Tiwari S K, Goswami V R, de Silva S, Kumar A, Baskaran N, Yoganand K, Menon V. 2020. Elephas maximus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T7140A45818198 [DB/OL]. .
	Wu A K. 2004. Artificial feeding domestication of Francois’s leaf monkey in the wild in Mayanghe Nature Reserve, Guizhou Province [J]. Chinese Journal of Wildlife, 6: 37.(in Chinese)
	Xia W C, Hu J, Ren B P, He X M, Kuang P G, Zhong T, Li D Y,. 2017. Dominance hierarchy for one‑male units in a group of provisioned black‑and‑white snub‑nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) [J]. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 37 (4): 371-378.(in Chinese)
	Yu D P, Jiang W H, Han D M. 2007. Observation on the adaptation of Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis) to artificial feeding [J]. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 27 (4): 365-369.(in Chinese)
	Yu L J, Tan A J, 2015. Causes and countermeasures for human‑elephant conflicts in Simao, Pu’er [J]. Journal of Shandong Forestry Science and Technology, 45 (2): 74-78.(in Chinese)
	Yu Q P, Hu Z C, Huang C, Xu T M, Onditi K O, Li X Y, Jiang X L. 2024. Suitable habitats shifting toward human‑dominated landscapes of Asian elephants in China [J]. Biodiversity and Conservation, 33: 685-704.
	Zhang L, Wang N. 2003. An initial study on habitat conservation of Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), with a focus on human elephant conflict in Simao, China [J]. Biological Conservation, 112: 453-459.
	Zhao Y, Jin K. 2018. Distribution, population, habitat status and population management of Asian elephant [J]. World Forestry Research, 31 (2): 25-30.(in Chinese)
	Zhou H F, Feng X D, Wu Q M, Wu Y N, Hao M, Ma J Z. 2012. Diet component and preference of white‑naped crane during courtship period in Zhalong Nature Reserve [J]. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 40 (9): 69-71.(in Chinese)
	Ziegltrum G J. 2004.Efficacy of black bear supplemental feeding to reduce conifer damage in western Washington [J]. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 68 (3): 470-474.
	于道平, 蒋文华, 韩德民. 2007. 长江江豚对人工投食适应过程的观察 [J]. 兽类学报, 27 (4): 365-369.
	邓怀庆. 2016. 人工投食对黔灵公园“半野生”猕猴食物偏好的影响 [J]. 贵州师范大学学报 (自然科学版), 34 (2): 46-51.
	云南省动物研究所第一研究室兽类组. 1976. 云南野象的分布和自然保护 [J]. 动物学杂志, 2: 38-39.
	云南省林业和草原局. 2020. 亚洲象栖息地生境保护与恢复实施方案 [R]. 昆明.
	孙国政, 张光元, 杨子诚, 王梦君. 2019. 人象冲突缓解工程研究进展与方向 [J]. 林业建设, 6: 5.
	陈俊. 2005. 可食箭竹大面积开花将给大熊猫及时投食 [N]. 新华每日电讯.
	李中员. 2012. 亚洲象食物源基地建设对缓解人象冲突的作用 [J]. 林业调查规划, 37 (5): 81-84.
	李凤山, 杨芳. 2003. 云贵高原黑颈鹤的种群数量和分布 [J]. 动物学杂志, 38 (3): 43-46.
	李世宗, 刘震. 2012. 昆明翠湖越冬红嘴鸥数量变化及投食量调查分析 [J]. 野生动物, 33 (3): 146-148.
	李保国, 李宏群, 赵大鹏, 张育辉, 齐晓光. 2006. 秦岭川金丝猴一个投食群等级关系的研究 [J]. 兽类学报, 26 (1): 18-25.
	余玲江, 谭爱军. 2015. 普洱市思茅区亚洲象肇事原因和对策分析 [J]. 山东林业科技, 45 (2): 74-78.
	吴安康. 2004. 贵州麻阳河自然保护区黑叶猴野外人工投食驯化 [J]. 野生动物, 6: 37.
	何謦成. 2013. 近50年西双版纳人象关系演变研究 [D].昆明: 云南大学博士学位论文.
	邹红菲, 冯晓东, 吴庆明, 伍一宁, 郝萌, 马建章. 2012. 扎龙保护区白枕鹤求偶期食性与采食偏好 [J]. 东北林业大学学报, 40 (9): 69-71.
	赵宇, 金崑. 2018. 亚洲象分布、数量、栖息地状况及种群管理 [J]. 世界林业研究, 31 (2): 25-30.
	胡哲畅. 2021. 勐养—普洱种群亚洲象栖息地利用及其与社区共存[D]. 北京: 中国科学院大学硕士学位论文.
	姜志诚, 李正玲, 保明伟, 陈明勇. 2019. 中国亚洲象取食植物种类统计与分析 [J]. 兽类学报, 39 (5): 514-530.
	郭贤明, 何謦成, 王兰新, 杨正斌, 李中员, 朱子悦. 2012. 西双版纳亚洲象食物源基地对缓解人象冲突的效应 [J]. 生态学杂志, 31 (12): 3133-3137.
	郭贤明, 王兰新. 2019. 西双版纳亚洲象食物源基地建设的思考 [J]. 林业建设, (6): 30-33.
	夏万才, 胡杰, 任宝平, 和鑫明, 旷培刚, 钟泰, 黎大勇. 2017. 人工辅助投食滇金丝猴一雄多雌单元之间的等级序列 [J]. 兽类学报, 37 (4): 371-378.
	贾媛媛.2017.大丰麋鹿种群适合度及其生境现状调查分析 [D].南京: 南京农业大学硕士学位论文.
	窦亚权, 余红红, 李娅, 罗明灿. 2019. 我国自然保护区人与野生动物冲突现状及管理建议 [J]. 野生动物学报, 40 (2): 491-496.
	路宝忠. 1989. 朱鹮的人工投食 [J]. 野生动物, 5: 23-24.

村寨 Villages	数量变化 Change in quantity	频次变化 Change in frequency	食源地成效 Effectiveness of food base	距食物园距离 Distance to food base/m
勐竹寨 Mengzhuzhai	+40%	-44%	=	1 854
大凹子 Daaozi	-80%	-70%	++	2 450
南邦河 Nanbanghe	-45%	-23%	++	3 435
站房 Zhanfang	-63%	-38%	+++	3 906
棉洋寨 Mianyangzhai	+2%	-52%	++	3 935
大河边 Dahebian	-25%	-28%	++	3 976
石屏寨 Shipingzhai	=	-45%	++	3 978
黄草坝 Huangcaoba	=	-70%	++	4 742
丫口寨 Yakouzhai	+2%	-80%	++	6 533
小海子 Xiaohaizi	-80%	-50%	+++	6 539
炉匠河 Lujianghe	-2%	-33%	++	8 234
景东寨 Jingdongzhai	-4%	-15%	+	8 479
曼弯 Manwan	-10%	-27%	+	8 733
新塘 Xintang	+10%	-28%	+	11 043
黑龙潭 Heilongtan	=	-25%	+	14 560
三棵桩 Sankezhuang	/	/	/	18 091
岔河 Chahe	/	/	/	18 777
橄榄坝Ganlanba	/	/	/	28 358

村寨 Villages	数量变化 Change in quantity	频次变化 Change in frequency	食源地成效 Effectiveness of food base	距食物园距离 Distance to food base/m
勐竹寨 Mengzhuzhai	+40%	-44%	=	1 854
大凹子 Daaozi	-80%	-70%	++	2 450
南邦河 Nanbanghe	-45%	-23%	++	3 435
站房 Zhanfang	-63%	-38%	+++	3 906
棉洋寨 Mianyangzhai	+2%	-52%	++	3 935
大河边 Dahebian	-25%	-28%	++	3 976
石屏寨 Shipingzhai	=	-45%	++	3 978
黄草坝 Huangcaoba	=	-70%	++	4 742
丫口寨 Yakouzhai	+2%	-80%	++	6 533
小海子 Xiaohaizi	-80%	-50%	+++	6 539
炉匠河 Lujianghe	-2%	-33%	++	8 234
景东寨 Jingdongzhai	-4%	-15%	+	8 479
曼弯 Manwan	-10%	-27%	+	8 733
新塘 Xintang	+10%	-28%	+	11 043
黑龙潭 Heilongtan	=	-25%	+	14 560
三棵桩 Sankezhuang	/	/	/	18 091
岔河 Chahe	/	/	/	18 777
橄榄坝Ganlanba	/	/	/	28 358

[1]	汤永晶, 杨聪, 杨子诚, 陈飞. 近五十年来野生亚洲象的种群动态[J]. 兽类学报, 2023, 43(5): 593-607.
[2]	刘嘉琦, 王怡涵, 张磊, 崔宁, 吕婷, 黄元, 戴蓉, 李正玲, 陈明勇. 西双版纳勐海县勐阿水库对亚洲象迁移活动和人—象冲突的潜在影响[J]. 兽类学报, 2022, 42(3): 227-239.
[3]	保明伟周方易熊朝永李德荣许定泽. 盐酸埃托啡在亚洲象全身麻醉中的应用[J]. 兽类学报, 2020, 40(4): 407-412.
[4]	姜志诚李正玲保明伟陈明勇. 中国亚洲象取食植物种类统计与分析[J]. 兽类学报, 2019, 39(5): 514-530.
[5]	唐如春徐可欣杨旋杨海超保明伟贾婷张金国张立. 社群压力对圈养雌性亚洲象动情的影响[J]. 兽类学报, 2019, 39(2): 111-118.
[6]	粟海军胡灿实张明明梁盛. 贵州赤水桫椤国家级自然保护区野猪危害特征与居民态度分析[J]. 兽类学报, 2018, 38(4): 359-368.
[7]	周杨黎勇周密孟秀祥. 圈养马麝的胆量个性及与麝香分泌和繁殖成效的关系[J]. 兽类学报, 2018, 38(4): 344-351.
[8]	杨子诚陈颖李俊松王利繁飘优宋志勇时坤. 基于红外相机技术对亚洲象个体识别和种群数量的评估[J]. 兽类学报, 2018, 38(1): 18-27.
[9]	杜娇娇何长欢朱頔杨帆张立. 利用微卫星研究普洱亚洲象种群的遗传多样性[J]. 兽类学报, 2017, 37(2): 200-206.
[10]	林柳郭贤明罗爱东张立. 西双版纳野象谷景区亚洲象取食作用对五种植物的影响[J]. 兽类学报, 2016, 36(2): 129-137.
[11]	林柳金延飞杨鸿培罗爱东郭贤明王利繁张立. 西双版纳亚洲象的栖息地评价[J]. 兽类学报, 2015, 35(1): 1-13.
[12]	杨帆，张立. 基于线粒体ＤＮＡ的中国亚洲象种群遗传多样性及种群遗传结构[J]. , 2012, 32(2): 90-100.
[13]	林柳,张龙田,罗爱东,王利繁,张立. 尚勇保护区亚洲象种群数量动态、种群结构及季节分布格局[J]. , 2011, 31(3): 226-234.
[14]	冯利民, 王志胜, 林柳, 杨绍兵, 周宾, 李春华, 熊友明, 张立. 云南南滚河国家级自然保护区亚洲象种群旱季生境选择及保护策略[J]. , 2010, 30(1): 1-10.
[15]	林柳,朱文庆,张龙田,冯利民, 王利繁, 陶庆, 张立. 云南西双版纳尚勇保护区亚洲象新活动廊道的开辟和利用[J]. , 2008, 28(4): 325-332.

思茅亚洲象食源地建设成效评估

Assessment of the implementation effectiveness of Asian elephant food base in Simao, Yunnan

RichHTML

PDF

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 7

参考文献

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics