兽类学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (5): 759-772.DOI: 10.16829/j.slxb.151076
• 研究论文 • 上一篇
王润萍1(
), 梅志刚3, 饶榕城2, 闵佳玲2, 隗黎丽1(
), 戴银根2(
)
收稿日期:2025-03-10
接受日期:2025-08-23
出版日期:2026-09-30
发布日期:2026-08-12
通讯作者:
隗黎丽,戴银根
作者简介:王润萍(1987- ),女,博士,主要从事水生动物微生物研究. E‑mail:wrp201314@126.com
基金资助:
Runping WANG1(
), Zhigang MEI3, Rongcheng RAO2, Jialing MIN2, Lili WEI1(
), Yingen DAI2(
)
Received:2025-03-10
Accepted:2025-08-23
Online:2026-09-30
Published:2026-08-12
Contact:
Lili WEI, Yingen DAI
摘要:
为探索长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)体表溃烂致病原因及其防治措施,以及科学评估长江江豚肠道菌群结构。本文对1头患病死长江江豚进行组织解剖、病理组织切片分析,及肠道菌群组成、病原菌分离鉴定和耐药性实验等分析研究。结果显示,该长江江豚体形消瘦,体表多处溃烂;解剖后内脏充血,有腹水。肠道菌群在门水平上,直肠中假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)相对丰度显著高于前肠(P = 0.000 3)和后肠(P = 0.000 4);属水平上,肠球菌属(Enterococcus)在前肠中的相对丰度显著高于后肠(P < 0.000 1)和直肠(P < 0.000 1);梭杆菌属(Fusobacterium)在后肠中的相对丰度显著高于直肠(P = 0.015 8)。同时,于体表病灶处分离获得潜在致病菌P2,经过16S rDNA鉴定确定为嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)。药敏实验表明,菌株A. hydrophila P2对8种抗生素高度敏感,对4种抗生素中度敏感,对18种抗生素具有强耐药性。综合分析,推测该长江江豚由于枯水期栖息水域环境发生显著变化,持续处于应激状态,免疫功能受到影响,感染致病菌A. hydrophila P2,引发机体皮肤炎症和溃烂病变并累及肾脏和肠道等组织器官,最终因摄食障碍导致机体严重消耗而死亡。研究结果为长江江豚细菌性疾病预防措施的研发提供了重要参考依据。
中图分类号:
王润萍, 梅志刚, 饶榕城, 闵佳玲, 隗黎丽, 戴银根. 患病长江江豚肠道菌群多样性分析及病原菌分离鉴定[J]. 兽类学报, 2026, 46(5): 759-772.
Runping WANG, Zhigang MEI, Rongcheng RAO, Jialing MIN, Lili WEI, Yingen DAI. Analysis of intestinal flora diversity and the isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria in diseased Yangtze finless porpoise[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2026, 46(5): 759-772.
指标 Index | 器官 Organs | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 心脏Heart | 肝脏 Liver | 肺脏Lungs | 肾脏Kidney | 肠道 Intestine | 胃 Stomach | 胰脏 Pancreas | |
| 质量Weight/g | 222.0 | 1 095.4 | 763.0 | 260.4 | 824.4 | 703.2 | 48.0 |
表1 长江江豚各器官质量
Table 1 Quality of various organs in Yangtze finless porpoises
指标 Index | 器官 Organs | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 心脏Heart | 肝脏 Liver | 肺脏Lungs | 肾脏Kidney | 肠道 Intestine | 胃 Stomach | 胰脏 Pancreas | |
| 质量Weight/g | 222.0 | 1 095.4 | 763.0 | 260.4 | 824.4 | 703.2 | 48.0 |
图3 患病长江江豚组织切片(200 ×). A:皮肤(黑色箭头示局部颗粒层脱落,蓝色箭头示意炎性细胞浸润,三角形示意棘层细胞肿胀、细胞核消失,细胞空泡化);B:肝脏(箭头示意中央静脉充血);C:脾脏(箭头示意脂褐素沉积);D:肺脏(箭头示意气管充血,三角形示意炎性细胞浸润,星号示意肺泡塌陷);E:肾脏(箭头示意肾小管上皮细胞脱落;三角形示意肾间质淤血、出血;星号示意细胞溶解);F:前肠;G:后肠;H:直肠(三角形示意肠绒毛膜断裂、粘膜上皮细胞坏死,星号示意脱落于肠腔中的细胞)
Fig. 3 Histopathologic sections of diseased Yangtze finless porpoise (HE, 200 ×). A: Skin(the black arrow indicates the local desquamation of the granular layer. The blue arrow indicates the infiltration of inflammatory cells. The triangle indicates the swelling of spinous layer cells and the disappearance of nuclei and the cells are vacuolated); B: Liver (arrow indicating central venous congestion); C: Spleen (arrow indicating lipofuscin deposition); D: Lung (arrow indicating tracheal congestion, triangles indicating inflammatory cell infiltration, asterisk indicating alveolar collapse); E: Kidney (arrow indicating the detachment of renal tubular epithelial cells, triangle signifies renal interstitial congestion and bleeding, asterisk denotes cell lysis); F: Foregut; G: Hindgut; H: Rectum (F, G, and H triangles indicating villous membrane rupture and mucosal epithelial cell necrosis, while asterisks indicating cells shed from the intestinal lumen)
图4 长江江豚肠道菌群测序稀释曲线(A)和OTU维恩图(B)
Fig. 4 Rarefaction curve of intestinal microbiota sequencing (A) and OTU‑based Venn diagram (B) in Yangtze finless porpoise
图 5 长江江豚肠道菌群相对丰度组成. A:门水平;B:属水平
Fig. 5 The relative abundance composition of intestinal microbiota in Yangtze finless porpoises. A: Phylum level; B: Genus level
图6 长江江豚前肠、后肠及直肠组间不同分类水平组成差异显著性. A:门水平;B:属水平. 不同字母代表差异显著性(P < 0.05)
Fig. 6 The significant differences in composition at various taxonomic levels among the foregut, hindgut, and rectum of the Yangtze finless porpoise. A: Phylum level; B: Genus level. Different letters represent significant differences(P < 0.05)
组别 Group | Sobs指数 Sobs index | Shannon指数Shannon index | Simpson指数 Simpson index | Chao1指数 Chao1 index | ACE指数 ACE index | Pielou指数 Pielou index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 前肠 Foregut | 955.33 ± 166 | 2.14 ± 0.06a | 0.49 ± 0.115a | 1 095.00 ± 159.41 | 1 198.90 ± 171.83 | 0.22 ± 0.009a |
| 后肠 Hindgut | 1 245.67 ± 280 | 2.64 ± 0.33ab | 0.55 ± 0.037ab | 1 370.31 ± 234.26 | 1 485.50 ± 223.03 | 0.26 ± 0.024ab |
| 直肠Rectum | 778.00 ± 212 | 3.22 ± 0.22bc | 0.77 ± 0.017c | 873.47 ± 242.79 | 953.17 ± 265.38 | 0.34 ± 0.034c |
表2 长江江豚肠道不同组别菌群α多样性指数(平均值 ± 标准差,n = 3)
Table 2 Alpha diversity index of intestinal flora in different groups of Yangtze finless porpoise(mean ± SD, n = 3)
组别 Group | Sobs指数 Sobs index | Shannon指数Shannon index | Simpson指数 Simpson index | Chao1指数 Chao1 index | ACE指数 ACE index | Pielou指数 Pielou index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 前肠 Foregut | 955.33 ± 166 | 2.14 ± 0.06a | 0.49 ± 0.115a | 1 095.00 ± 159.41 | 1 198.90 ± 171.83 | 0.22 ± 0.009a |
| 后肠 Hindgut | 1 245.67 ± 280 | 2.64 ± 0.33ab | 0.55 ± 0.037ab | 1 370.31 ± 234.26 | 1 485.50 ± 223.03 | 0.26 ± 0.024ab |
| 直肠Rectum | 778.00 ± 212 | 3.22 ± 0.22bc | 0.77 ± 0.017c | 873.47 ± 242.79 | 953.17 ± 265.38 | 0.34 ± 0.034c |
图7 菌株Aeromonas hydrophila P2在LB平板上的菌落形态(A);A. hydrophila P2菌体的革兰氏染色(B)(1 000 ×);16S rDNA扩增结果电泳图(C);16S rDNA进化树(D)
Fig. 7 Colony characteristic of strain Aeromonas hydrophila P2 on LB agar plate (A). Gram staining of A. hydrophila P2 bacterial cells (B) (1 000 × ), and results of the bacterial 16S rDNA (C). Phylogenetic tree based on16S rDNA sequences (D)
抗生素 Antibiotic | 每片药量 Dosage of a pill/μg | 抑菌圈直径 Bacteriostatic ring diameter/mm | 判定标准 Judgment criteria/mm | 敏感性 Sensitivity | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R | I | S | ||||
| 诺氟沙星 Norfloxacin | 10 | 22 ± 1.01 | ≤ 12 | 13 ~ 16 | ≥ 17 | S |
| 环丙沙星 Ciprofloxacin | 5 | 12 ± 0.31 | ≤ 15 | 16 ~ 20 | ≥ 21 | R |
| 左氧氟沙星 Levofloxacin | 5 | 23 ± 0.23 | ≤ 13 | 14 ~ 16 | ≥ 17 | S |
| 哌拉西林 Piperacillin | 75 | 19 ± 0.54 | ≤ 17 | 18 ~ 20 | ≥ 21 | I |
| 头孢唑林 Cefazolin | 30 | 7 ± 0.10 | ≤ 14 | 15 ~ 17 | ≥ 18 | R |
| 头孢呋辛钠 Cefuroxim | 30 | 18 ± 0.34 | ≤ 14 | 15 ~ 17 | ≥ 18 | S |
| 头孢曲松 Ceftriaxone | 30 | 23 ± 1.20 | ≤ 19 | 20 ~ 22 | ≥ 23 | S |
| 庆大霉素 Gentamicin | 10 | 15 ± 0.09 | ≤ 11 | 12 ~ 14 | ≥ 15 | S |
| 卡那霉素 Kanamycin | 30 | 14 ± 0.19 | ≤ 13 | 14 ~ 17 | ≥ 18 | I |
| 阿奇霉素 Cephradine | 15 | 17 ± 0.07 | ≤ 13 | 14 ~ 17 | ≥ 18 | I |
| 氟苯尼考 Florfenicol | 30 | 25 ± 0.11 | ≤ 12 | 13 ~ 17 | ≥ 18 | S |
| 氯霉素 Chloramphenicol | 30 | 27 ± 0.32 | ≤ 12 | 13 ~ 17 | ≥ 18 | S |
| 多西环素 Doxycycline | 30 | 16 ± 0.13 | ≤ 12 | 13 ~ 16 | ≥ 16 | S |
| 米诺环素 Minocycline | 30 | 16 ± 0.21 | ≤ 14 | 15 ~ 18 | ≥ 19 | I |
表3 菌株Aeromonas hydrophila P2抗生素药敏结果
Table 3 Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Aeromonas hydrophila P2
抗生素 Antibiotic | 每片药量 Dosage of a pill/μg | 抑菌圈直径 Bacteriostatic ring diameter/mm | 判定标准 Judgment criteria/mm | 敏感性 Sensitivity | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R | I | S | ||||
| 诺氟沙星 Norfloxacin | 10 | 22 ± 1.01 | ≤ 12 | 13 ~ 16 | ≥ 17 | S |
| 环丙沙星 Ciprofloxacin | 5 | 12 ± 0.31 | ≤ 15 | 16 ~ 20 | ≥ 21 | R |
| 左氧氟沙星 Levofloxacin | 5 | 23 ± 0.23 | ≤ 13 | 14 ~ 16 | ≥ 17 | S |
| 哌拉西林 Piperacillin | 75 | 19 ± 0.54 | ≤ 17 | 18 ~ 20 | ≥ 21 | I |
| 头孢唑林 Cefazolin | 30 | 7 ± 0.10 | ≤ 14 | 15 ~ 17 | ≥ 18 | R |
| 头孢呋辛钠 Cefuroxim | 30 | 18 ± 0.34 | ≤ 14 | 15 ~ 17 | ≥ 18 | S |
| 头孢曲松 Ceftriaxone | 30 | 23 ± 1.20 | ≤ 19 | 20 ~ 22 | ≥ 23 | S |
| 庆大霉素 Gentamicin | 10 | 15 ± 0.09 | ≤ 11 | 12 ~ 14 | ≥ 15 | S |
| 卡那霉素 Kanamycin | 30 | 14 ± 0.19 | ≤ 13 | 14 ~ 17 | ≥ 18 | I |
| 阿奇霉素 Cephradine | 15 | 17 ± 0.07 | ≤ 13 | 14 ~ 17 | ≥ 18 | I |
| 氟苯尼考 Florfenicol | 30 | 25 ± 0.11 | ≤ 12 | 13 ~ 17 | ≥ 18 | S |
| 氯霉素 Chloramphenicol | 30 | 27 ± 0.32 | ≤ 12 | 13 ~ 17 | ≥ 18 | S |
| 多西环素 Doxycycline | 30 | 16 ± 0.13 | ≤ 12 | 13 ~ 16 | ≥ 16 | S |
| 米诺环素 Minocycline | 30 | 16 ± 0.21 | ≤ 14 | 15 ~ 18 | ≥ 19 | I |
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