Research advances in conservation and management of endangered mammals on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150696

Abstract

Abstract:

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is a global biodiversity hotspot and a priority area for conservation.It hosts a variety of key protected and endemic wildlife species, contributing to a high level of species richness and a large proportion of endangered species. We reviewed the research advances in the conservation and management of 7 fauna groups on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (ungulates, felids, ursids, canids, mustelids, chiropterans, and other small mammals) from the perspectives of the endangered status, threatening causes, strategies and effects of conservation and management. The proportion of endemic species of ungulates was much higher than that of the other 6 groups. 81% ? 100% of ungulate, felid, ursid, and canid species were listed as the national key protected wildlife. 45% to 100% of ungulate, felid, and ursid species were listed as threatened by the Red List of China’s Vertebrates or Red List of IUCN, which is far higher than the global average. Habitat fragmentation, global warming, overgrazing, poaching and illegal trade, and environmental pollution were the major threats to the survival of endangered mammals on the QTP. The implementation of relevant laws and policies, the construction of nature reserves, as well as the carrying out of a large number of investigations, monitoring, and researches have provided legal guarantees and scientific basis for the conservation and management of endangered mammals on the QTP. In view of the limitations of current conservation and management, we suggest building a comprehensive and systematic big data platform, so as to conduct rapid assessment of conservation effectiveness on the QTP and research on spatial optimization of protected areas. We also suggest combining internationally advanced interdisciplinary theoretical methods and practical innovation to provide guidance and suggestions for the protection and management of endangered mammals, so as to provide important scientific and technical support for the biodiversity conservation and ecological civilization construction of China.

Key words: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Endangered mammals, Endangered status, Endangered causes, Protection measures

摘要：

青藏高原是全球生物多样性热点区域和优先保护区，分布着多种重点保护物种及青藏高原特有种，物种丰富度高且濒危物种占比大。本文针对青藏高原分布的有蹄类、猫科、熊科、犬科、鼬科、翼手目、小型兽类7个动物类群，从濒危现状、濒危成因、已开展的研究工作和管理对策、取得的保护成效等角度分别论述了各类群的保护与管理研究进展。在青藏高原有蹄类中特有种占比远高于其他类群；81% ~ 100%的有蹄类、猫科、熊科、犬科动物被列为国家重点保护野生动物；45% ~ 100%的有蹄类、猫科、熊科动物被中国脊椎动物红色名录或IUCN红色名录列为受威胁物种，远高于全球平均水平。全球变暖、栖息地破碎化、环境污染、过度放牧、偷猎与非法贸易是青藏高原濒危兽类生存的主要威胁。相关法律法规的贯彻实施、自然保护地建设及开展的大量调查监测和研究，为青藏高原濒危兽类保护生物学研究提供了法律保障和科学依据。鉴于目前保护与管理工作的局限性，建议构建全面系统的大数据平台，开展青藏高原地区保护成效快速评估及自然保护地空间优化布局研究，将国际先进的交叉学科理论方法与实践创新优势相结合，为濒危兽类的保护与管理提供指导与建议，从而为我国生物多样性保护和生态文明建设提供重要的科技支撑。

关键词: 青藏高原, 濒危兽类, 濒危现状, 濒危成因, 保护对策

CLC Number:

Tongzuo ZHANG, Feng JIANG, Bo XU, Bin LI, Chengbo LIANG, Haifeng GU. Research advances in conservation and management of endangered mammals on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2022, 42(5): 490-507.

张同作, 江峰, 徐波, 李斌, 梁程博, 顾海峰. 青藏高原濒危兽类保护与管理研究进展[J]. 兽类学报, 2022, 42(5): 490-507.

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物种 Species	NKPWA¹	RLCV²	IUCN³	CITES 附录	特有种 Endemic species⁴	全球种群数量 Population⁵	基因组来源数据库Genome database ⁶	基因组大小Genome size（Mb）
藏野驴 Equus kiang	一级	NT	LC	Ⅱ	Yes	60 000 ~ 70 000 ^S	—	—
野猪 Sus scrofa	—	LC	LC	—	No	Unkown	NCBI（Chromosome）	2 458.24
野骆驼 Camelus ferus	一级	CR	CR	Ⅰ	No	950 ^D	NCBI（Chromosome）	2 048.14
林麝 Moschus berezovskii	一级	CR	EN	Ⅱ	No	31 800 ^D，7	NCBI（Scafflod）	2 818.01
马麝 Moschus chrysogaster	一级	CR	EN	Ⅱ	Yes	28 000 ^D，7	NCBI（Scafflod）	4 972.48
黑麝 Moschus fuscus	一级	CR	EN	Ⅱ	No	5 950 ^D，7	—	—
喜马拉雅麝 Moschus leucogaster	一级	EN	EN	Ⅱ	No	3 000 ^D，7	—	—
狍 Capreolus pygargus	—	NT	LC	—	No	Unkown ^D	NCBI（Scafflod）	2 607.83
马鹿 Cervus elaphus	二级	EN	LC	—	Yes	Unkown	—	—
梅花鹿 Cervus nippon	一级	CR	LC	—	No	Unkown ^I	—	—
毛冠鹿 Elaphodus cephalophus	二级	VU	NT	—	No	Unkown ^D	—	—
白唇鹿 Przewalskium albirostris	一级	EN	VU	—	Yes	Unkown	NCBI（Scafflod）	2 692.23
水鹿 Cervus equinus	二级	NT	VU	—	No	Unkown	—	—
赤麂Muntiacus vaginalis	—	NT	LC	—	No	Unkown ^D	NCBI（Chromosome）	2 657.60
菲氏麂 Muntiacus feae	—	EN	DD	—	No	Unkown	—	—
贡山麂 Muntiacus gongshanensis	—	CR	DD	—	No	Unkown	NCBI（Scafflod）	2 475.74
小麂 Muntiacus reevesi	—	VU	DD	—	No	Unkown	—	—
鹅喉羚 Gazella subgutturosa	二级	VU	VU	—	No	42 000 ~ 49 000^D	—	—
藏原羚 Procapra picticaudata	二级	NT	NT	—	Yes	100 000^D	—	—
普氏原羚 Procapra przewalskii	一级	CR	EN	—	Yes	2 600 ~ 2 800^I，8	NCBI（Scafflod）	2 692.99
藏羚 Pantholops hodgsonii	一级	NT	NT	Ⅰ	Yes	300 000^I，9	NCBI（Scafflod）	2 696.89
野牦牛 Bos mutus	一级	VU	VU	Ⅰ	Yes	7 500 ~ 9 999 ^D	NCBI（Scafflod）	2 703.27
喜马拉雅扭角羚 Budorcas taxicolor	一级	VU	VU	Ⅱ	No	Unkown^D	—	—
西藏盘羊 Ovis hodgsoni	一级	NT	NT	Ⅰ	Yes	Unkown	—	—
帕米尔盘羊 Ovis polii	二级	VU	NT	Ⅱ	No	Unkown	—	—
岩羊 Pseudois nayaur	二级	LC	LC	Ⅲ	No	47 000 ~ 414 000	NCBI(Scafflod)	2 584.17
北山羊 Capra sibirica	二级	NT	NT	Ⅱ	No	102 000 ~ 150 000^D	NCBI(Scafflod)	2 733.03
喜马拉雅塔尔羊 Hemitragus jemlahicus	一级	CR	NT	—	No	Unkown^D	—	—
中华鬣羚 Capricornis milneedwardsii	二级	VU	VU	Ⅰ	No	Unkown^D	—	—
赤斑羚 Naemorhedus baileyi	一级	EN	VU	Ⅰ	No	7 000 ~ 10 000^D	—	—
喜马拉雅斑羚 Naemorhedus goral	一级	EN	NT	Ⅰ	No	Unkown^D	—	—

物种 Species	NKPWA¹	RLCV²	IUCN³	CITES 附录	特有种 Endemic species⁴	全球种群数量 Population⁵	基因组来源数据库Genome database ⁶	基因组大小Genome size（Mb）
藏野驴 Equus kiang	一级	NT	LC	Ⅱ	Yes	60 000 ~ 70 000 ^S	—	—
野猪 Sus scrofa	—	LC	LC	—	No	Unkown	NCBI（Chromosome）	2 458.24
野骆驼 Camelus ferus	一级	CR	CR	Ⅰ	No	950 ^D	NCBI（Chromosome）	2 048.14
林麝 Moschus berezovskii	一级	CR	EN	Ⅱ	No	31 800 ^D，7	NCBI（Scafflod）	2 818.01
马麝 Moschus chrysogaster	一级	CR	EN	Ⅱ	Yes	28 000 ^D，7	NCBI（Scafflod）	4 972.48
黑麝 Moschus fuscus	一级	CR	EN	Ⅱ	No	5 950 ^D，7	—	—
喜马拉雅麝 Moschus leucogaster	一级	EN	EN	Ⅱ	No	3 000 ^D，7	—	—
狍 Capreolus pygargus	—	NT	LC	—	No	Unkown ^D	NCBI（Scafflod）	2 607.83
马鹿 Cervus elaphus	二级	EN	LC	—	Yes	Unkown	—	—
梅花鹿 Cervus nippon	一级	CR	LC	—	No	Unkown ^I	—	—
毛冠鹿 Elaphodus cephalophus	二级	VU	NT	—	No	Unkown ^D	—	—
白唇鹿 Przewalskium albirostris	一级	EN	VU	—	Yes	Unkown	NCBI（Scafflod）	2 692.23
水鹿 Cervus equinus	二级	NT	VU	—	No	Unkown	—	—
赤麂Muntiacus vaginalis	—	NT	LC	—	No	Unkown ^D	NCBI（Chromosome）	2 657.60
菲氏麂 Muntiacus feae	—	EN	DD	—	No	Unkown	—	—
贡山麂 Muntiacus gongshanensis	—	CR	DD	—	No	Unkown	NCBI（Scafflod）	2 475.74
小麂 Muntiacus reevesi	—	VU	DD	—	No	Unkown	—	—
鹅喉羚 Gazella subgutturosa	二级	VU	VU	—	No	42 000 ~ 49 000^D	—	—
藏原羚 Procapra picticaudata	二级	NT	NT	—	Yes	100 000^D	—	—
普氏原羚 Procapra przewalskii	一级	CR	EN	—	Yes	2 600 ~ 2 800^I，8	NCBI（Scafflod）	2 692.99
藏羚 Pantholops hodgsonii	一级	NT	NT	Ⅰ	Yes	300 000^I，9	NCBI（Scafflod）	2 696.89
野牦牛 Bos mutus	一级	VU	VU	Ⅰ	Yes	7 500 ~ 9 999 ^D	NCBI（Scafflod）	2 703.27
喜马拉雅扭角羚 Budorcas taxicolor	一级	VU	VU	Ⅱ	No	Unkown^D	—	—
西藏盘羊 Ovis hodgsoni	一级	NT	NT	Ⅰ	Yes	Unkown	—	—
帕米尔盘羊 Ovis polii	二级	VU	NT	Ⅱ	No	Unkown	—	—
岩羊 Pseudois nayaur	二级	LC	LC	Ⅲ	No	47 000 ~ 414 000	NCBI(Scafflod)	2 584.17
北山羊 Capra sibirica	二级	NT	NT	Ⅱ	No	102 000 ~ 150 000^D	NCBI(Scafflod)	2 733.03
喜马拉雅塔尔羊 Hemitragus jemlahicus	一级	CR	NT	—	No	Unkown^D	—	—
中华鬣羚 Capricornis milneedwardsii	二级	VU	VU	Ⅰ	No	Unkown^D	—	—
赤斑羚 Naemorhedus baileyi	一级	EN	VU	Ⅰ	No	7 000 ~ 10 000^D	—	—
喜马拉雅斑羚 Naemorhedus goral	一级	EN	NT	Ⅰ	No	Unkown^D	—	—

物种 Species	NKPWA¹	RLCV²	IUCN³	CITES 附录	特有种 Endemic species⁴	全球种群数量 Population⁵
雪豹 Panthera uncia	一级	EN	VU	Ⅰ	No	2 710 ~ 3 386^D
金钱豹 Panthera pardus	一级	EN	VU	Ⅰ	No	Unkown^D
虎 Panthera tigris⁶	一级	CR	EN	Ⅰ	No	2 154 ~ 3 159^D
云豹 Neofelis nebulosa	一级	CR	VU	Ⅰ	No	3 700 ~ 5 580^D
豹猫 Prionailurus bengalensis	二级	VU	LC	Ⅱ	No	Unkown^S
云猫 Pardofelis marmorata	二级	CR	NT	Ⅰ	No	Unkown^D
兔狲 Otocolobus manul	二级	EN	LC	Ⅱ	No	58 000^D
猞猁 Lynx lynx	二级	EN	LC	Ⅱ	No	Unkown^S
荒漠猫 Felis bieti	一级	CR	VU	Ⅱ	Yes	10 000^D
丛林猫 Felis chaus	一级	EN	LC	Ⅱ	No	Unkown^D
野猫 Felis silvestris	二级	EN	LC	Ⅱ	No	Unkown^D

物种 Species	NKPWA¹	RLCV²	IUCN³	CITES 附录	特有种 Endemic species⁴	全球种群数量 Population⁵
雪豹 Panthera uncia	一级	EN	VU	Ⅰ	No	2 710 ~ 3 386^D
金钱豹 Panthera pardus	一级	EN	VU	Ⅰ	No	Unkown^D
虎 Panthera tigris⁶	一级	CR	EN	Ⅰ	No	2 154 ~ 3 159^D
云豹 Neofelis nebulosa	一级	CR	VU	Ⅰ	No	3 700 ~ 5 580^D
豹猫 Prionailurus bengalensis	二级	VU	LC	Ⅱ	No	Unkown^S
云猫 Pardofelis marmorata	二级	CR	NT	Ⅰ	No	Unkown^D
兔狲 Otocolobus manul	二级	EN	LC	Ⅱ	No	58 000^D
猞猁 Lynx lynx	二级	EN	LC	Ⅱ	No	Unkown^S
荒漠猫 Felis bieti	一级	CR	VU	Ⅱ	Yes	10 000^D
丛林猫 Felis chaus	一级	EN	LC	Ⅱ	No	Unkown^D
野猫 Felis silvestris	二级	EN	LC	Ⅱ	No	Unkown^D

物种 Species	NKPWA¹	RLCV²	IUCN³	CITES 附录	特有种 Endemic species⁴	全球种群数量 Population⁵
狼 Canis lupus	二级	NT	LC	Ⅱ	No	Unkown^S
亚洲胡狼 Canis aureus	二级	—	LC	Ⅲ	No	Unkown^I
豺 Cuon alpinus	一级	EN	EN	Ⅱ	No	949 ~ 2 215^D
貉 Nyctereutes procyonoides	二级	NT	LC	—	No	Unkown^S
沙狐 Vulpes corsac	二级	NT	LC	—	No	Unkown
藏狐 Vulpes ferrilata	二级	NT	LC	—	No	Unkown
赤狐 Vulpes vulpes	二级	NT	LC	—	No	Unkown^S
孟加拉狐 Vulpesbengalensis	—	—	LC	Ⅲ	No	Unkown^D