Abstract: Human disturbances may disrupt carnivores coexistence in work landscapes, potentially triggering cascading influences in ecological communities. Responses in spatial and temporal behaviors to human activities can highlight species’survival strategies to maximize fitness. This study aims to quantify how human influences (e. g., peoples, vehicles, domestic dogs and livestock) may reshape Northeast China wildlife behaviour and their consequences for temporal interactions of predate-prey. We used a large dataset of 9 409 independent animals (tiger Panthera tigris, leopard P. pardus and their major ungulate prey) and human records from 23 831 camera nights at 107 camera trap sites in the Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park, from which we assessed the role of human in structuring community, guildand species-level diel activity. We assessed the effects of human disturbances on wildlife behavior and compared temporal overlap among tigers, leopards and their ungulate prey, at sites of high and low disturbance, as determined by the human relative abundance index. Human detections corresponded to 66% of all detections at high-disturbance sites and 5% of all detections at low-disturbance sites. Tigers, leopards, and their main ungulate prey use different spatial and temporal strategies in response to human disturbances. At sites of high disturbance, nocturnal and crepuscular tigers significantly increased their activity, but significantly decreased overlap with the human’s temporal niche to release from interference competition. For all species and large carnivores, there is a significant net effect of disturbance increasing nocturnality. There is also high variation among species; specifically, disturbances drive significant shifts away from diurnality for tigers, while roe deer Capreolus pygargus, and wild boars Sus scrofa become more diurnal. Compared to less disturbed forests, temporal overlap of top-predators and prey decreases in higher disturbed forests, notably among sika deer, wild boar and top-predators. This study provides insights into the responses of threatened large carnivores (tiger and leopard) to humans in a newly established national park. These differences in response to human disturbances among large carnivores and major prey highlighted the variation in temporal behaviors animals can use to exist in anthropogenic environments. Our findings can help in predicting how a species will respond to future change based on their current temporal behavior.

Key words: Camera trapping, Activity pattern, Human-wildlife coexistence, Predator-prey interactions, Human disturbance

摘要： 人类作为超级捕食者所产生的直接捕杀或间接恐惧效应，会引起野生动物时间或空间上的行为响应。在人和野生动物共存景观中，探究捕食者和猎物响应人类干扰的时空策略对生物多样性保护至关重要。本研究于2018年1—12月，在东北虎豹国家公园利用红外相机陷阱技术获取107个位点、23 831个相机工作日的5种大型野生动物和人类9 409次活动数据，采用广义线性混合效应模型、核密度估计和多元逻辑回归混合效应模型等方法，评价不同强度的人类活动(人、车辆和家畜)对我国东北温带森林野生动物行为的影响，及其捕食者和猎物的时空相互作用。结果显示人类干扰事件占所有独立事件的49%(在高干扰点占66%，低干扰点占5%)。空间上，在高干扰森林，虎东北亚种(Panthera tigris altaica)的活动显著增加，而豹东北亚种(P.pardus orientalis)、狍(Capreolus pygargus)和野猪(Sus scrofa)呈相反趋势，梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)不受人类干扰的影响。时间上，核密度估计结果显示干扰导致大型食肉目动物类群和梅花鹿的日活动节律显著改变，多元逻辑回归混合效应模型结果发现干扰导致大型食肉目动物(特别是虎)的夜行性显著增加，狍和野猪白天的活动增加；更高的人类干扰明显降低顶级捕食者虎和豹与其有蹄类猎物的时间生态位重叠，尤其是梅花鹿、野猪与虎、豹之间的时间重叠。本研究为东北虎豹国家公园濒危物种保护提供了新见解，强调了使用红外相机直接监测人类活动，并量化人类活动对物种生存影响的重要性。受威胁的大型食肉目动物与其主要猎物对人类干扰的不同行为响应结果强调了动物在干扰环境中生存的时空行为可塑性，有助于预测物种如何根据其当前的时空行为策略对未来的环境变化做出响应。

关键词: 红外相机, 活动节律, 人-野生动物共存, 捕食者-猎物相互作用, 人类干扰