Diet conversions of pre-released giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) cubs

doi:10.16829/j.slxb.150655

Abstract

Abstract:

This paper takes 15 giant panda cubs undergoing pre-release training, including female animals with cubs, monitored from 2010 to 2020 as the research object. Based on the behavior data observed and interpreted by infrared video monitoring system and audio collar, and the fecal sample data collected by GPS collar tracking and positioning, this paper analyzes the behavior development process and food conversion characteristics of giant pandas undergoing pre-release training. The results show that with the growth and development of giant pandas undergoing pre-release training, the behaviors related to foraging and vigilance are fully developed, and have a strong temporal correlation，including feeding, crawling, walking, playing with objects, climbing trees, biting and playing with bamboo, drinking water and eating bamboo. Generally, at the age of 8 ? 10 months, giant panda cubs begin to eat bamboo organs, and the process of developmental dietary transition is clearly divided into three stages: ready?to?eat milk period (1 ? 7 months old), breast milk bamboo conversion period (8 ? 28 months old) and bamboo eating period (29 ? 39 months old). The conversion period can be divided into critical period (8 ? 18 months old) and transition period (19 ? 28 months old). According to the statistical test, there are significant differences between different feeding stages, and the giant panda in the transition period can leave the mother animal and live independently in the study area. The proportions of food components in the transition period are not significantly different from that in the bamboo feeding stage. The seasonal dietary shift pattern of the wild training giant panda is similar to the mother animal with offspring and the wild giant panda in that is the main food is bamboo shoots in spring, young bamboo stems and leaves in summer and autumn, and bamboo leaves and stems in winter. The results of this study not only verify the scientific basis and feasibility of the pre-release training method of female animals with cubs, but also provide a reference for the pre-release training and reintroduction of captive giant pandas in the future.

Key words: Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), Pre-released training of female animal with cub, Behavior developmental schedule, Developmental dietary transition, Seasonal dietary shift

摘要：

本文以2010—2020年15只母兽带仔野化培训的大熊猫幼仔为研究对象，基于红外视频监控系统观察和音频颈圈解译获得的行为资料、GPS颈圈跟踪定位采集的粪样数据，分析了野化培训大熊猫幼仔的行为发育进程和食性转换特征。结果表明：随着野化培训大熊猫幼仔的生长发育，与觅食和警戒相关的行为得到充分发育，且具有较强的时间关联性，包括食乳、爬行、走动、玩耍物品、爬树、咬玩竹子、饮水和采食竹子等。8 ~ 10月龄的大熊猫幼仔开始取食竹子，其发育性食性转换过程划分为3个阶段：食乳期 (1 ~ 7月龄)、食母乳—食竹子转换期 (8 ~ 28月龄) 和食竹期 (29 ~ 39月龄)，其中转换期细分为关键期 (8 ~ 18月龄) 和过渡期 (19 ~ 28月龄)。从统计检验来看，不同食性阶段间差异显著；过渡期的大熊猫幼仔可离开母兽独立生活，此阶段大熊猫幼仔食物组分比例与食竹期相比无显著差异。野化培训大熊猫幼仔的季节性食性转换规律与带仔母兽和野生大熊猫具有相似的格局，即春季主要取食竹笋，夏、秋季则以嫩竹茎和竹叶为食，冬季采食竹叶与竹茎。

关键词: 大熊猫, 母兽带仔野化培训, 行为发育进程, 发育性食性转换, 季节性食性转换

CLC Number:

Q958.12

Shiqiang ZHOU, Shengshan HE, Yuanyuan QU, Yong LUO, Daifu WU, Yan HUANG, Desheng LI, Hemin ZHANG. Diet conversions of pre-released giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) cubs[J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2022, 42(6): 652-664.

周世强, 何胜山, 屈元元, 罗永, 吴代福, 黄炎, 李德生, 张和民. 野化培训大熊猫幼仔的食性转换[J]. 兽类学报, 2022, 42(6): 652-664.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.mammal.cn/EN/10.16829/j.slxb.150655

https://www.mammal.cn/EN/Y2022/V42/I6/652

Figures/Tables 5

References 0

	Dierenfeld E S, Hintz H F, Robertson J B, Van Soest P J, Offeda O T. 1982. Utilization of bamboo by the giant panda. The Journal of Nutrition, 112: 636-641.
	Dong B N, Zhou H, Zhang Z J, Wei W. 2017. On nutrients of Fargesia qinlingensis in Foping National Nature Reserve. Journal of China West Normal University (Natural Sciences), 38 (1): 14-20. (in Chinese)
	Durnin M E, Swaisgood R R, Czekala N, Zhang H M. 2004. Effects of radio collars on giant panda stress-related behavior and hormones. Journal of Wildlife Management, 68 (4): 987-992.
	Fryxell J M. 1991. Forage quality and aggregation by large herbivores. The American Naturalist, 138 (2): 478-498.
	Garshelis D L. 2004. Variation in ursid life histories: is there an outlier? Comparative ecology of giant pandas in the five mountain ranges of their distribution in China. Chapter 4. In: Lindburg D, Baragona K eds. Giant Pandas: Biology and Conservation. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 53-73.
	Germano J M, Field K J, Griffiths R A, Clulow S, Foster J, Harding G, Swaisgood R R. 2015. Mitigation-riven translocations: are we moving wildlife in the right direction? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 13 (2): 100-105.
	Goldizen A W, Terborgh J, Cornejo F, Porras D T, Evans R. 1988. Seasonal food shortage, weight loss, and the timing of births in saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis). Journal of Animal Ecology, 57: 893-901.
	Hansen R l, Carr M M, Apanavicius C J, Jiang P P, Bisseell H A, Gocinski B L, Maury F, Himmelreich M, Beard S, Ouellette J R, Kouba A J. 2009. Seasonal shifts in giant panda feeding behavior: relationships to bamboo plant part consumption. Zoo Biology, 28: 1-14.
	Hecker L J, Edwards M A, Nielsen S E. 2021. Assessing the nutritional consequences of switching foraging behavior in wood bison. Ecology and Evolution, 11: 16165-16176.
	Hou R, He S, Wu F, Chapman C A, Pan R L, Garber P A, Guo S T, Li B G. 2018. Seasonal variation in diet and nutrition of the northern-most population of Rhinopithecus roxellana . American Journal of Primatology, 80 (4): e22755.
	Huang Q, Liu X, Li Y, Kraus J, Songer M. 2018. Understanding nutrient landscapes for giant pandas in the Qinling Mountains, China: the relationships between bamboo mineral content and giant panda habitat selection during migration. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 41 (2): 195-208.
	Kleiman D G. 1989. Reintroduction of captive animals for conservation: guidelines for reintroducing endangered animals into the wild. Bioscience, 39: 152-161.
	Lambert J E, Rothman J M. 2015. Fallback foods, optimal diets, and nutritional targets: Primate responses to varying food availability and quality. Annual Review of Anthropology, 44: 493-512.
	Li D S, Zhang H M, Cheng M, Zhang G Q, Wang P Y, Xiong Y. 1999. A preliminary study on raising up the survival rate of artificial breeding giant panda. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 19 (4): 317-319. (in Chinese)
	Li D S, Huang Y, Zhou S Q, Zhang H M, Huang J Y, Liu D, Wu D F, Xie H, Deng L H, Li R G, Zhang G Q. 2011. Wild training of female with cubs of captive giant pandas in Wolong. Bulletin of Biology, 46 (7): 13-15. (in Chinese)
	Li Y J, Cai Q, Liu X H, Songer M, Wu P F, Jia X D, He X B. 2016. The effect of elevation on structure and nutrition of staple food bamboo and seasonal distribution of giant pandas. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 36 (1): 24-35. (in Chinese)
	Lu Z, Pan W S, Harkness J. 1994. Mother-cub relationships in giant pandas in the Qinling Mountains, China, with comment on rescuing abandoned cubs. Zoo Biology, 13: 567-568.
	Martin P, Bateson P. 1986. Measuring Behavior. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1-200.
	Mcphee M E, Carlstead K. 2010. The Importance of Maintaining Natural Behaviors in Captive Mammals, Chapter 25. In: Kleiman D G, Thompson K V, Baer C K eds. Wild Mammals in Captivity: Principles and Techniques for Zoo Management, Second edition. Chicago, UK: The University of Chicago Press, 303-313.
	Nie Y G, Wei F W, Zhou W L, Hu Y B, Senior A M, Wu Q, Yan L. 2019. Giant pandas are macronutritional carnivores. Current Biology, 29: 1677-1682.
	Nie Y G, Zhang Z J, Raubenheimer D, Elser J J, Wei W, Wei F W. 2015. Obligate herbivory in an ancestrally carnivorous lineage: the giant panda and bamboo from the perspective of nutritional geometry. Functional Ecology, 29 (1): 26-34.
	Pan W S, Lv Z, Zhu X J, Wang D J, Wang H, Long Y, Fu D L, Zhou X. 2001. A Chance for Lasting Survival. Beijing: Peking University Press, 1-522. (in Chinese)
	Peng J J, Jiang Z G, Liu W X, Huang S Q, Zhang J G, Wang W M. 2001. Growth and developing of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) cubs at Beijing Zoo. Journal of Zoology, Lond, 254: 261-266.
	Pérez I, Anadón J D, Díaz M, Nicola G G, Tella J L, Giménez A. 2012. What is wrong with current translocations? A review and a decision-making proposal. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 10 (9): 494-501.
	Raubenheimer D, Simpson S J, Tait A H. 2012. Match and mis-match: conservation physiology, nutritional ecology and the timescales of biological adaptation. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 367: 1628-1646.
	Rubenstein D R, Wikelski M. 2003. Seasonal change in food quality: a proximate cue for reproductive timing in marine iguanas. Eco-logy, 84: 3013-3023.
	Sarich V M. 1973. The giant panda is a bear. Nature, 245: 218-220.
	Sarrazin F, Barbault R, 1996. Reintroduction: challenges and lessons for basic ecology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11 (11): 474-478.
	Schaller G B, Hu J C, Pan W S, Zhu J. 1985. The Giant Pandas of Wolong. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press, 47-107.
	State Forestry and Grassland Administration. 2021. The 4th National Survey Report on Giant Panda in China. Beijing: Science Press House, 1-258. (in Chinese)
	Swaisgood R R, White A M, Zhou X P, Zhang H M, Zhang G Q, Wei R P, Hare V J, Tepper E M, Lindburg D G. 2001. A quantitative assessment of the efficacy of an environmental enrichment programme for giant pandas. Animal Behaviour, 61: 447-457.
	Swaisgood R R, Mcshea W M, Wildt D, Hull V, Zhang J D, Owen M A, Zhang Z J, Dvornicky‑Raymond Z, Valitutto M, Li D H, Zhang H M, Santiestevan J, Wei F W. 2020. Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), PartⅡ, Chapter 6. In: Penteriania V, Melletti M eds. Bears of the Word: Ecology, Conservation and Management.Cambridge, London, UK: Cambridge University Press, 63-77.
	Tang D, Yang B, Zhang Z Z, Wang Y, Zhu T, Wu D F, Lin B S, Zhou J Q, Qu G L, Li D H, Huang Y. 2019. Assessing transport stress on captive giant pandas by fecal steroids assay. Chinese Journal of Wildlife, 40 (3): 753-757. (in Chinese)
	Tenhumberg B, Tyre A J, Shea K, Possingham H P. 2004. Linking wild and captive populations to maximize species persistence: optimal translocation strategies. Conservation Biology, 18 (5): 1304-1314.
	Vickery S S, Mason G J. 2003. Behavioral persistence in captive bears: implications for reintroduction. Ursus, 14 (1): 35-43.
	Wang D L, Guo Q X, Wang X R, Liang C P, Zhang Y B ． 2017. Effects of different altitudes on the nutrient and amino acid contents of bamboo (Fargesia denudate), staple food of the giant panda, in Minshan, Sichuan, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 37 (19): 6440-6447. (in Chinese)
	Wang L, Yuan S B, Nie Y G, Zhao J G, Cao X, Dai Y, Zhang Z J, Wei F W. 2020. Dietary flavonoids and the altitudinal preference of wild giant pandas in Foping National Nature Reserve, China. Global Ecology and Conservation, 22: e00981.
	Wei F W, Feng Z J, Wang Z W, Li M. 1999. Feeding strategy and resource partitioning between giant and red pandas. Mammalia, 63: 417-430.
	Wei W, Nie Y G, Zhang Z J, Hu Y B, Yan L, Qi D W, Li X H, Wei F W. 2015. Hunting bamboo: Foraging patch selection and utilization by giant pandas and implications for conservation. Biological Conservation, 187: 269-267.
	Wei W, Zeng J J, Han H, Zhou H, Nie Y G, Yuan S B, Zhang Z J. 2017. Diet and foraging‑site selection by giant pandas in a National Nature Reserve in China. Animal Biology, 67 (1): 53-67.
	Xue B J, Zhang Y J, An T T, Wang Z C, Jiang Y F. 2017. Discussion on national park site selection for flagship giant panda species. Journal of Chinese Urban Forestry, 15 (2): 24-28. (in Chinese)
	Yan X, Zhang H M, Li D S, Wu D F, Zhou S Q, Sun M M, Hu H P, Liu X Q, Mou S J, He S S, Owen M A, Huang Y. 2019. Acoustic recordings provide detailed information regarding the behavior of cryptic wildlife to support conservation translocations. Scientific Reports, 9: 5172.
	Yang Z S, Gu X D, Nie Y G, Huang F, Huang Y, Dai Q, Hu Y B, Yang Y, Zhou X, Zhang H M, Yang X Y, Wei F W. 2018. Reintroduction of the giant panda into the wild: a good start suggests a bright future. Biological Conservation, 217: 181-186.
	Ye W P.2015. Origin 9.1 Scientific and Technical Drawing and Data Aanalysis. Beijing: China Machine Press, 1-462. (in Chinese)
	Zhang G Q, Zhang H M, Chen M, He T M, Wei R P, Mainka S A. 1996. Growth and development of infant giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) at the Wolong Reserve, China. Zoo Biology, 15: 13-19.
	Zhang H M, Wang P Y, Zhang G Q, Li D S, Tang C X, Zhou X P, Huang Y, Chen L Q. 2003. Study on Reproduction of Giant Panda. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, 1-210. (in Chinese)
	Zhang H M, Li D S, Huang Y, Huang J Y, Zhou S Q, Wu D F, Zhang M C, Liu D, Wang C D, Yang B. 2013. Study on Wild Training and Reintroduction of Captive Giant Pandas. Beijing: Science Press House, 1-117. (in Chinese)
	Zhou S Q. 2021a. Coupling mechanism between reproductive strategies and foraging behavior of giant pandas: energy-nutrition-temperature correlation effect. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 42 (6): 21-28. (in Chinese)
	Zhou S Q, Huang J Y, Zhang Y H, Liu D, Li R G, Zhou X P, Huang Y, Tang C X, Wei R P, Zhang G Q, Li D S, Wang P Y, Zhang H M. 2012. Comparison of spatial positioning between radio telemetry (RT) and GPS in temperate mountain forests: a case study on the tracking the reintroduction of captive giant pandas. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 32 (3): 193-202. (in Chinese)
	Zhou S Q, Zhang J D, Hull V, Huang J Y, Liu D, Xie H, Zou X Y, Zhang H M. 2021b. Comparison of the bamboo-grazing behavior of giant pandas and livestock. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology, 27 (5): 1203-1209. (in Chinese)
	Zhou X P, Wang P Y, Zhang H M, Wei R P, Zhang G Q, Li D S, Huang Y. 2005. Research on Behavior of Captive Giant Pandas and Its Methods. Chengdu: Sichuan Science and Technology Press, 1-24. (in Chinese)
	Zhu X J, Lindburg D G, Pan W S, Forney K A, Wang D J. 2001. The reproductive strategy of giant panda (Ailurepoda melanolenca): infant growth and development and mother-infant relationship. Journal of Zoology London, 253: 141-155.
	王丹林, 郭庆学, 王小蓉, 梁春平, 张元彬. 2017. 海拔对岷山大熊猫主食竹营养成分和氨基酸含量的影响.生态学报, 37 (19): 6440-6447.
	叶卫平. 2015. Origin 9.1科技绘图及数据分析.北京: 机械工业出版社, 1-462.
	李亚军, 蔡琼, 刘雪华, Mellissa S, 武鹏峰, 贾晓东, 何祥博. 2016. 海拔对大熊猫主食竹结构、营养及大熊猫季节性分布的影响.兽类学报, 36 (1): 24-35.
	李德生, 张和民, 陈猛, 张贵权, 王鹏彦. 1999. 提高人工繁殖大熊猫的存活率初探. 兽类学报, 19 (4): 317-319.
	李德生, 黄炎, 周世强, 张和民, 黄金燕, 刘巅, 吴代福, 谢浩, 邓林华, 李仁贵, 张贵权. 2011. 卧龙圈养大熊猫母兽带仔野化培训. 生物学通报, 46 (7): 13-15.
	张志和, 魏辅文. 2006. 大熊猫迁地保护理论与实践. 北京: 科学出版社, 1-230.
	张和民, 王鹏彦, 张贵权, 李德生, 魏荣平, 汤纯香, 周小平, 黄炎, 陈林强. 2003. 大熊猫繁殖研究. 北京: 中国林业出版社, 1-210.
	张和民, 李德生, 黄炎, 黄金燕, 周世强, 吴代福, 张明春, 刘巅, 王承东, 杨波. 2013. 圈养大熊猫野化培训与放归研究. 北京: 科学出版社出版, 1-117.
	卧龙自然保护区管理局, 南充师范学院生物系, 四川省林业厅保护处. 1987. 卧龙植被及资源植物. 成都: 四川科学技术出版社, 11-194.
	国家林业和草原局. 2021. 全国第四次大熊猫调查报告. 北京: 科学出版社, 1-258.
	周小平, 王鹏彦, 张和民, 魏荣平, 张贵权, 李德生, 黄炎, Ronald S. 2005.圈养大熊猫行为研究及其方法.成都: 四川科学技术出版社, 1-24.
	周世强.2021.大熊猫生殖策略与觅食行为的耦合机制: 能量-营养-气温关联效应. 四川林业科技, 42 (6): 21-28.
	周世强, 张晋东, Hull V, 黄金燕, 刘巅, 谢浩, 邹晓艳, 张和民. 2021. 野生大熊猫与放牧家畜采食竹子行为的比较. 应用与环境生物学报, 27 (5): 1203-1209.
	周世强, 黄金燕, 张亚辉, 刘巅, 李仁贵, 周小平, 黄炎, 汤纯香, 魏荣平, 张贵权, 李德生, 王鹏彦, 张和民. 2012. 高山峡谷地区无线电遥测与GPS空间定位的比较: 野外放归大熊猫的跟踪定位. 兽类学报, 32 (3): 193-202.
	胡锦矗, Schaller G B, 潘文石, 朱靖. 1985. 卧龙的大熊猫. 成都: 四川科学技术出版社, 33-77.
	胡锦矗. 2001. 大熊猫研究.上海: 上海科学技术和教育出版社, 63-117.
	唐丹, 杨波, 张志忠, 王一, 朱涛, 吴代福, 林冰森, 周季秋, 瞿桂丽, 李登翯, 黄炎. 2019. 运输对圈养大熊猫应激影响初探. 野生动物学报, 40 (3): 753-757.
	董冰楠, 周宏, 张泽钧, 韦伟. 2017. 佛坪国家级自然保护区秦岭箭竹营养成分分析. 西华师范大学学报 (自然科学版), 38 (1): 14-20.
	潘文石, 吕植, 朱小健, 王大军, 王昊, 龙玉, 傅达莉, 周欣. 2001. 继续生存的机会. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 1-522.
	薛冰洁, 张玉钧, 安童童, 王志臣, 蒋亚芳. 2017. 旗舰种大熊猫国家公园选址研究. 中国城市林业, 15 (2): 24-28.

名称 Name	谱系号 Studbook No.	出生日期 Birth date	性别 Gender	野化培训时长 Duration of Pre-released training （day）	母兽带仔时间 Mother-reared time （day）	野化培训现状 Pre-released training status
淘淘 Taotao	777	2010/8/3	雄性 Male	797	797	放归野外 Release to wild
张想 Zhangxiang	826	2011/8/20	雌性 Female	741	741	放归野外 Release to wild
新媛 Xinyuan	843	2012/7/28	雌性 Female	806	806	野化圈死亡 Death in enclosure
雪雪 Xuexue	850	2012/8/15	雌性 Female	787	787	放归后死亡 Death in wild
华娇 Huajiao	866	2013/7/6	雌性 Female	866	723	放归野外 Release to wild
华妍 Huayan	888	2013/8/14	雌性 Female	1 167	965	放归野外 Release to wild
张梦 Zhangmeng	916	2014/7/7	雌性 Female	836	836	放归野外 Release to wild
映雪 Yingxue	955	2015/7/12	雌性 Female	865	684	放归野外 Release to wild
八喜 Baxi	956	2015/7/26	雄性 Male	748	740	放归野外 Release to wild
琴心 Qinxin	995	2016/6/16	雌性 Female	922	671	放归野外 Release to wild
小核桃 Xiaohetao	1 019	2016/7/30	雌性 Female	787	197	放归野外 Release to wild
冉冉 Ranran	1 062	2017/5/31	雌性 Female	1 418	903	野化后圈养 In captivity
潘旺 Panwang	1 064	2017/6/2	雌性 Female	1 422	698	野化后圈养 In captivity
钢镚儿 Gangbenger	1 151	2018/8/10	雄性 Male	713	916	野化后圈养 In captivity
田田 Tiantian	1 153	2018/8/13	雌性 Female	729	964	野化后圈养In captivity

名称 Name	谱系号 Studbook No.	出生日期 Birth date	性别 Gender	野化培训时长 Duration of Pre-released training （day）	母兽带仔时间 Mother-reared time （day）	野化培训现状 Pre-released training status
淘淘 Taotao	777	2010/8/3	雄性 Male	797	797	放归野外 Release to wild
张想 Zhangxiang	826	2011/8/20	雌性 Female	741	741	放归野外 Release to wild
新媛 Xinyuan	843	2012/7/28	雌性 Female	806	806	野化圈死亡 Death in enclosure
雪雪 Xuexue	850	2012/8/15	雌性 Female	787	787	放归后死亡 Death in wild
华娇 Huajiao	866	2013/7/6	雌性 Female	866	723	放归野外 Release to wild
华妍 Huayan	888	2013/8/14	雌性 Female	1 167	965	放归野外 Release to wild
张梦 Zhangmeng	916	2014/7/7	雌性 Female	836	836	放归野外 Release to wild
映雪 Yingxue	955	2015/7/12	雌性 Female	865	684	放归野外 Release to wild
八喜 Baxi	956	2015/7/26	雄性 Male	748	740	放归野外 Release to wild
琴心 Qinxin	995	2016/6/16	雌性 Female	922	671	放归野外 Release to wild
小核桃 Xiaohetao	1 019	2016/7/30	雌性 Female	787	197	放归野外 Release to wild
冉冉 Ranran	1 062	2017/5/31	雌性 Female	1 418	903	野化后圈养 In captivity
潘旺 Panwang	1 064	2017/6/2	雌性 Female	1 422	698	野化后圈养 In captivity
钢镚儿 Gangbenger	1 151	2018/8/10	雄性 Male	713	916	野化后圈养 In captivity
田田 Tiantian	1 153	2018/8/13	雌性 Female	729	964	野化后圈养In captivity

[1]	YU Xiang, BI Wenlei, HOU Rong, LIU Jiabin, LI Zusheng, FU Mingxia, WU Wei, MA Rui, CHEN Chao, MO Li, SONG Xinqiang, WANG Wei, YANG Hong, ZHANG Qian, QI Dunwu. Research on the adaptation of reintroduced giant pandas to the natural environment [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2025, 45(5): 707-716.
[2]	WANG Ziye, BI Wenlei, WU Wei, YU Jiaojiao, ZHOU Yanshan, HOU Rong, XIANG Zuofu, QI Dunwu. A study on the relationship between oxytocin level and maternal behavior in captive giant pandas [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2021, 41(6): 721-730.
[3]	ZHOU Yanshan, HOU Rong, LIU Jiabin, BI Wenlei, Jacob R. Owens, ZHANG Zhihe, HUANG Feng, LUO Wei, QI Dunwu. Habitat utilization and spatial patterns of pre-released giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) [J]. ACTA THERIOLOGICA SINICA, 2021, 41(6): 641-648.